Shaken Baby Syndrome - 737 Words

According to Merriam-Webster, trauma is defined as a serious injury or wound to living tissue caused by an extrinsic agent; a very difficult or unpleasant experience that causes a person to have mental or emotional disturbances, usually for an extended period of time. There are many types of trauma that can affect a child’s development, specifically neural development. One pervasive form of trauma to children is Shaken Baby Syndrome. Shaken Baby Syndrome is a simple descriptive for a disturbing cluster of subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhage, traction type metaphyseal fractures, and retinal hemorrhage seen in children due to the act of violently shaking the child (Miehl, 2005). Shaken Baby Syndrome us an extremely vicious act of abuse†¦show more content†¦One major effect of well-developed spirituality include having a positive and meaningful view of life and developing a sense of coherence that allows survivors of abuse and neglect to comprehend and make meaningful sense of trauma, and manage personal resources to deal with stressors in life (Glenn, 2014). As a Christian it is easy to make the correlation between a strong, confident spiritual relationship with the ability to overcome struggles and trauma of our past. It is encouraging to see empirical research to support our beliefs. References Feldman, R. (2014). Development across the life span (Seventh Ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. Glenn, T. (2014). A bridge over troubled waters: Spirituality and resilience with emerging adult childhood trauma survivors. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health. 16. Pp. 37-50. Laurent-Vannier, A., Toure, H., Vieux, E., Brugel, D., Chevignard, M. (2009). Long term outcome of the shaken baby syndrome and medicolegal consequences: A case report. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Volume 52(5). Pp.Show MoreRelatedTeaching A New Family About Shaken Baby Syndrome1920 Words   |  8 PagesTeaching a New Family About Shaken Baby Syndrome Patient Information The patient focused on in this teaching project was a four-day-old NICU patient at Children’s Hospital of Colorado. Baby Haven was born at 34 weeks gestation to a mother who had used alcohol, marijuana and tobacco while pregnant. Additionally, she claimed to have not known she was pregnant until July and did not seek prenatal care until September, one month before the birth of baby Haven. The birth mother made the choice to putRead MoreShaking Baby Syndrome1030 Words   |  5 PagesApril 30, 2005 Micro. Comp. Shaken Baby Syndrome Imagine yourself as a sweet, innocent, precious little baby. You are totally dependent upon adults to give you what you need and most importantly love. Your only means of communication is crying so you cry when you need to be fed, when you need your diaper changed, when you arent feeling so well, or when you just want some attention. You are crying and someone comes over to you. They pick you up, but instead of holding you and comfortingRead More Shaking Baby Syndrome Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesShaken Baby Syndrome Imagine yourself as a sweet, innocent, precious little baby. You are totally dependant upon adults to give you what you need and most importantly love. Your only means of communication is crying so you cry when you need to be fed, when you need your diaper changed, when you aren’t feeling so well, or when you just want some attention. You are crying and someone comes over to you. They pick you up, but instead of holding you and comforting you, talking affectionately to you,Read MoreEssay on Comparing Scholarly Articles and Internet Resources1279 Words   |  6 Pagesvariety of audiences, from scholars to general population. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast a scholarly article with an internet resource, on a health topic relevant to my practice. The subject selected is prevention of shaken baby syndrome which has significant importance to my area of practice, postpartum unit to educate parents. The scholarly article selected is from the Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing (JOGNN) retrieved through Cumulative Index to NursingRead MoreInjury Symptoms Associated With Injuries929 Words   |  4 Pagesperformed to drain the blood or to reduce pressure on the brain. Shaken Baby Syndrome For many parents, one of the hardest parts of being a parent is worrying about their child’s safety. If you have a baby, Shaken Baby Syndrome might be a concern. Shaken Baby Syndrome is caused by violently shaking a baby or toddler, often out of anger or frustration. The baby’s brain then bleeds and bruises. Unfortunately, Shaken Baby Syndrome can lead to brain damage, blindness, hearing loss, a seizure disorderRead MoreThe Willowbrook Hepatitis Experiments By Dr. Saul Krugman1408 Words   |  6 Pagesopting for an abortion instead. According to Brenda Dawkins, mothers have already starting shying away from drug abuse service centers. These mothers have either gone to other states, avoid prenatal care, continue to do drugs, and possibly deliver a baby at home with little or no medical help. If it is decided to charge mothers with fetal abuse and giving the fetus its own right as a human being this will completely go against the decision of Roe v. Wade. Mothers would th en be charged with fetal abuseRead MoreShaken Infant Syndrome Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesShaken Infant Syndrome Shaken Infant Syndrome (also known as Shaken Baby Syndrome, SBS) is a relatively new term in the medical world. Simply put, it is the collective name of the symptoms produced when an infant is shaken violently or has sustained some type of head trauma. Any type of trauma to the head or cranial region results in some negative response to the body’s homeostatic system, in an infant or child this is especially true. An infant or child’s skull is disproportionately largerRead MorePediatric Abusive Head Trauma1146 Words   |  5 PagesPediatric abusive head trauma, also known as shaken baby syndrome, is a devastating form of abuse. It occurs when a young child is violently shaken. The repeated shaking back and forth motion causes the child’s brain to bounce within the skull, resulting in bruising and swelling. This intentionally inflicted injury causes trauma to the head and neck region, including cranial, cerebral, and spinal injuries. It occurs in infants and sm all children because the muscles of the neck region aren’t strongRead More3.08 Review and Critical Thinking815 Words   |  4 Pages3.08 Review and Critical Thinking Review Questions 1. Explain the different forms of child abuse? Include Shaken Baby Syndrome in your response. The different forms of child abuse are physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and Shaken Baby Syndrome. Physical abuse is violence directed toward a child by a parent. Emotional abuse is when the victim feels worthless and rejected. Sexual abuse is sexual contact between the child and an adult or even the perpetrator speaksRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children Essay944 Words   |  4 Pagesburning a child, throwing objects at a child, or starving the child. Some results are abusive head trauma, also known as shaken baby syndrome. Shaken baby syndrome is an injury to the baby caused by being shaken violently and repeatedly. This can cause swelling of the brain, internal bleeding, detached retinas leading to blindness, mental retardation, and death. Shaken baby syndrome is one of the main causes of death from child abuse. Secondly, there is sexual abuse. This abuse is when the child is

Essay on Aileen Wuornos - 2768 Words

Hannah Velez FLM 400 Final Paper Aileen Wuornos: The Dark Tale of One Woman’s Descent into Infamy When did it all begin? Technically, Aileen became a murderer on December 1, 1989 when 51-year-old electrics shop owner Richard Mallory picked her up on I-75 (8) and together they drove off into the woods to meet an uncertain fate. But when did the murderous creature that is Aileen Wuornos come to be? She began prostituting herself as age 9 (5), without so much as an assault charge related to her profession for 24 years while working the streets. Yes, she was a hitchhiking prostitute that became famous for murdering and robbing seven of her johns, but what was it in her that snapped? What caused her transformation from a hooker into a†¦show more content†¦The two women were together for over three years when one day Aileen returns home to the motel room which they rented, but this time she had a car with her that she claimed she borrowed from a friend (5). From December 1, 1989 to November 19, 1990 Aileen was responsible for the deaths of seven men, all of who were johns of hers (7): Richard Mallory, December 1, 1989; Dick Humphreys, May 19, 1990; Charles Carskaddon, May 31 1990; Troy Burress, July 30, 1990; Peter Siems, September 11, 1990; Walter Antonio, November 19, 1990; and David Spears, May 19, 1990. David Spears was the only man she was not convicted of killing. She carried a gun with her at all times; the murder weapon was a .22 caliber handgun – a small gun, generally carried by women and generally intended for self-defense. During her many trials, the recovered handgun, which Aileen had dumped in a river, was forensically matched to four of her victims (5). Aileen’s modus operandi was very consistent across all of her crimes. She would pick up men as a hitchhiker, usually along I-75 (3). Once in the vehicle, she would tell a sob story about trying to save up money to send for her children (she had no dependents) and ask if there was anything she could do for them in exchange for a little cash. She and the john would then drive off into the woods and settle on what services they wanted and what the price would be. In interviews sheShow MoreRelated Aileen Wuornos Essay553 Words   |  3 Pagesto seek out their own heinous form of release. Often considered America’s first female serial killer, Aileen Wuornos was neither first nor the worst. She had been suspected of committing at least seven murders and was sentenced to four of cases she had confessed to police. All the while, she maintained her innocence claiming that some or all of the killings were in self-defense. Born Aileen Carol Pittman on February 29, 1956 to Diane Pratt and Leo Pittman in Rochester Michigan (Osborn, 2009)Read MoreAileen Wuornos - Essay5419 Words   |  22 PagesAileen Wuornos Criminal Justice 1010 Introduction to Criminal Justice Mrs. Amanda Gentle Sarah Dean December 7, 2009 Riding the Pale Horse of Death, Aileen Wuornos murdered seven men over a nineteen-month period from December 1989 until November 1990, along highways in the state of Florida. While working as a prostitute, Aileen would solicit her victims then murder them. Wuornos confessed to committing seven murders. Aileen Wuornos was found guilty and convicted of six murders. Aileen receivedRead MoreAileen Wuornos Essay3375 Words   |  14 PagesAileen Carol Wuornos: The Life of a Serial Killer â€Å"I robbed them, and I killed them as cold as ice, and I would do it again, and I know I would kill another person because Ive hated humans for a long time.† (Wuornos, 1999-2010) These words came from Aileen Wuornos after she was arrested for the murders of seven men during the course of a year. She faced numerous adversities from early childhood through adulthood. She displayed many psychological warning signs, but none was attended too regardlessRead MoreThe Secret Life Of Aileen Wuornos:. A Women Serial Killer1954 Words   |  8 PagesThe Secret life of Aileen Wuornos: A Women Serial Killer A basic serial killer is a murderer of two or more victims at different times. There are several types of serial killers. The wildest category would be the Thrill- seekers. Thrill-seekers are known for being fearless of danger, having no remorse for their murders, irrational attitude, and impulsive behavior. They seem to enjoy the adrenaline rush they get when they kill and gain pleasure from doing it. The victims are usually strangersRead MoreThe Case Of Serial Killer Aileen Wuornos1145 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract In discussion of the case of serial killer Aileen Wuornos, the attachment and life course theories can be applied. Ms. Wuornos was neglected and abused by her guardians multiple times, which led her to a life of criminal activity. She began with small-scale crimes at an early age and eventually escalated to murder. This paper explores how the attachment theory played a major part in the life (and death) of a serial killer and how many lives could have been saved had Aileen’s circumstancesRead MoreEssay on Psychological Look at Aileen Wuornos1224 Words   |  5 PagesProfile: Aileen Wuornos Nature vs. Nurture: Aileen was born in 1956 to her 16 year old mother. She was not born with any physical or mental disabilities. At the time of her birth her father was incarcerated for child molestation and he was also believed to be a schizophrenic, he hung himself in jail and Aileen never met him. When Aileen was 3 years old her mother abandoned her and her 4 year old brother and left them with her own parents who legally adopted them. The family struggled economicallyRead MoreAileen Wuornos1416 Words   |  6 PagesThe Life and Death of Aileen Wuornos De’Serra Whitfield Troy University Abstract This research looks at the life and death of Aileen Wuornos, serial killer. A serial killer is someone who murders more than three victims one at a time in a relatively short interval. Serial killers have the ability to behave in a manner that arouses no suspicion. There are, however, a few signs to identify their potential to become a serial killer. People who suffers from psychopathy, involves a huge tendencyRead MoreAileen Wuornos Case Analysis1932 Words   |  8 PagesThe following criminal analysis shows why Aileen Wuornos was convicted for the murder of six men and what lead up to these actions. These actions were not in self-defense, but out of cold blood. This profile will analyze the following: what lead up to the murder of these men, what Wuornos’s intents were, the evidence and patterns, her personality and characteristics, and her behavior. These facts and evidence will show Wuornos’s intent and motive, and whether or not she was insane. This woman wasRead MoreLife And Death Of A Serial Killer1092 Words   |  5 Pagesviewing the film â€Å"Life and Death of a Serial Killer† starring one of America’s first female serial killers, Aileen Wuornos; I began to wonder why do individuals become serial killers? What is so special about committing murders and what causes the urge, thrill and the desire to kill? What exactly is the reason behind it all? These questions constantly cross my mind. After learning about Aileen Wuornos childhood, I concluded that her upbringing was one factor that drove her to become a serial killer. Read MoreThe First American Female Serial Killer3507 Words   |  15 Pagesperson I am going to analyse in this assignment is Aileen ‘Lee’ Carol Wuornos who was considered to be the first American female serial killer (Anon., 2015). Wuornos was born on February 29th 1956 in Rochester Michigan (Anon., 2015). Her father, Leo Dale Pittman was an alleged child molester and her mother Diane Wuornos was a teen mother who was not capable of taking up the responsibilities that came about with being a mother (Anon., 2015). Wuornos’ mother abandoned both her and her brother when they

Dead of September 11th Analytical free essay sample

There are many topics that are rather easy to delve in to. Throughout this essay, three of these literary techniques will be addressed and â€Å"delved into†, so to speak. These techniques are: diction, figurative language and tone. Throughout the following essay several large ideas and the theme of this poem will also be addressed, including but not limited to the universality of the poem and the absolute obliteration of falsities and of false intimacy.Tony Morrison has created a complex, captivating piece of literary art that can be viewed and be interpreted in many different ways, with each individual person who examines it emerging from the piece of literary genius with a possibly similar, but unique interpretation. The diction in this poem is very intriguing. Tony Morrison’s choices of words are both surprising and unique on several occasions throughout â€Å"The Dead of September 11†. First, the seemingly sexual diction occasionally used throughout the poem. Words like â€Å"intimacy† and â€Å"seduced† are often used in light of sexual circumstances.Obviously sex does not fit into the context of this poem. However, the fact that sex is among the most primal functions of the human being, not to mention that sex is just about as close as you can be to someone (right behind motherhood, for obvious reasons), can better fit into this poem’s meaning. Perhaps the speaker has lost someone in the 9/11 tragedy, someone that they want to be close to. Perhaps the speaker was inciting that the acts of 9/11 were primal, and those who committed them should be treated as animals, inside our memories, as the culprits have all perished, to the general public’s knowledge at the very least. Another possibility is that the speaker meant that to â€Å"speak† with the dead one has to be in a primal state, with no sense of society or of biases. As a second example, the harsh, almost physically painful words used throughout â€Å"The Dead of September 11† will be discussed. The excerpt â€Å"no words stronger than the steel that pressed you into itself† is an example of this harsh wording and diction. The line â€Å"Speaking to the broken and the dead is too difficult for a mouth full of blood† is also a good example of this diction.I believe that the speaker here is saying that talking to those whose soul is broken or those who are dead to this world cannot be done when the speaker’s mouth is filled with figurative blood and hurt. One cannot emit hurt, pain or judgement upon the broken and the perished. The words â€Å"shot of its box of flesh† also stand out as being particularly harsh. Perhaps this excerpt is suggesting that bodies are no more than boxes of flesh, merely temporary containers that can be opened and the contents released into true freedom. Even the word â€Å"shot† seems harsh.A shot is something that happens so fast, but that can do so much damage. Maybe the speaker is referring to the speed at which the 9/11 tragedy happened, how unexpected it was for not only the thousands of victims, but for all those it affected all over the world, whether indirectly or directly. Something that can do so much damage that the whole world is affected, within a few hours. Like someone being shot dead and the mourning of the family, the immediate grief, for something so fast and painless, yet that ends a life, the 9/11 tragedy affected the whole world.Imagine the 9/11 attack like a bullet that severely damaged the USA, as well as the entire world, but could not end it. Like a bullet that nearly killed a man, but did not end his life. Of course, this bullet will leave a never healing scar on the man, as 9/11 did to the world. The next technique is figurative language. The most prominent example of this in â€Å"The Dead of September 11† is a paradox; that the dead can listen. The poem, more or less in its entirety, is about speaking to the dead.This also implies that the dead can talk back, which is also a paradox. One could say that there are also several apostrophes (in relation to the dead). Of course, that depends on where the dead are, which depending on your beliefs they can be just about anywhere, or everywhere. The harsh words â€Å"no words stronger than the steel that pressed you into itself† could be considered a metaphor between the worthiness and strength of words compared to the dead and that the dead are DEAD. There are no words that have the power to bring them back.The quote â€Å"No scripture older or more elegant than the ancient atoms you have become† could possibly be referring to how all the atoms in our body are recycled and ancient and that after our death, after our soul escapes our body, our body returns to being merely ancient atoms and when the soul is gone, no words can bring them back into the body, none can â€Å"reanimate† the ancient atoms until they are recycled into new living beings. The last technique or literary device is tone. The tone portrayed through this speaker is rather confusing. There are determined, frust rated and harsh spects along with sad, useless and bittersweet emotions portrayed throughout this poem. The speaker was determined to speak to the dead, in a pure fashion, yet because of human nature, this is virtually impossible, which made the speaker frustrated. The tone was harsh because of some of the diction throughout. Yet, the tone saddened when the speaker said â€Å"and I have nothing to give you†. It made the tone come out as feeling useless and regretful. Finally, in the last bit, the tone was bittersweet as the speaker described the â€Å"unhinged release† emerging from its knell.If one tone had to be chosen, bittersweet would be the most appropriate choice. There are several big ideas within this poem. One of them is unity and universality. The listing of the different clothing from all around the world in relation with all the September dead, was referring to the extreme cultural diversity of the victims in the 9/11 tragedy. It could also be said that it was connecting and mourning for all the dead and putting them all on an equal level, including those who caused the worldwide emergency.It could also have been saying, on a related note, that once the dead are dead, they are indistinguishable, as they are all dead. Once one is dead, the earthly titles and things that a person possessed are no longer valid, as with someone’s death, they are dead and gone, their titles maintained only in memory and documents and their worldly possessions passed along to another of the living, whether directly or over time. I think that this is also a very prominent theme in this essay, one of many. Another big idea in this poem is that to speak to the dead, one must essentially revert to his or her primal ways, or even, become one of the dead. This idea really stood out in this literature because it was essentially repeated over and over. Throughout the whole poem the speaker was talking of how one must clear his or her head of all earthly peoples, biases and objects. That one must forget some of human’s most automatic functions, like catching yourself before falling down. The speaker is essentially saying that to be able to communicate fairly with the dead, one must be able to forget that he or she is human, in almost all senses of the word.This also stood out as a prominent theme in â€Å"The Dead of September 11† This poem essentially emitted a message that the dead are just that to the living. The dead are dead and the only way to speak with them is to become one of them. But, when we are dead, there is no telling the dead from the dead, or even that we are dead. Once one is dead, he is dead, and nothing more than that, only more than perished in memory. Though a rather grim and depressing message, I believe that this is what the speaker was trying to convey.

Mcdonalds Research Paper Example

Mcdonalds Paper Innovations at McDonald’s Indoor seating (1950s) Drive-through window (1970s) Adding breakfast to the menu (1980s) Adding play areas (late 1980s) Redesign of the kitchens (1990s) Self-service kiosk (2004) Now three separate dining sections Innovations at McDonald’s Indoor seating (1950s) Drive-through window (1970s) Adding breakfast to the menu (1980s) Adding play areas (late 1980s) Redesign of the kitchens (1990s) Self-service kiosk (2004) Now three separate dining sections Six out of the seven are layout decisions! McDonald’s New Layout Seventh major innovation Redesigning all 30,000 outlets around the world Three separate dining areas Linger zone with comfortable chairs and Wi-Fi connections Grab and go zone with tall counters Flexible zone for kids and families Facility layout is a source of competitive advantage Strategic Importance of Layout Decisions The objective of layout strategy is to develop a cost-effective layout that will meet a firm’s competitive needs Layout Design Considerations Higher utilization of space, equipment, and people Improved flow of information, materials, or people Improved employee morale and safer working conditions Improved customer/client interaction Flexibility We open Chapter 9 (Layout Strategies) with the story of   the 7 strategic changes at McDonald’s since 1950. All   but one have been major layout redesigns (eg. , indoor seating, drive thru, play areas, self-service kiosks, etc. ). Adding breakfast foods to the menu (in the 80? s) was the one product change–until now. The front page article in The Wall Street Journal (Dec. 27,2010) details two brand new strategies–the 1st  a product decision and the 2nd yet another layout change. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Under pressure from market-share competitors of all types–from 7-Eleven  and Starbucks to smoothie outlets  and gas stations– the 14,000 US McDonald’s have broadened their fare. As of now, there are  Ã‚  fruit smoothies, oatmeal, carmel-mocha drinks, flatbread sandwiches, and â€Å"garden† snack wraps. This new product development strategy (Ch. 5) has created so many choices that the company has been running ads reminding us it still sells Big Macs. Using manufacturing technology, McDonald’s has made many new items from existing items’ ingredients. Chicken wraps use Chicken Selects’ meat and breakfast burrito tortillas. This simplifies preparation and lowers costs. But new layout costs have   blunted  franchisee enthusiasm. The food assembly line (see Figure 9. 12 in the text) had to be changed to make wraps. And an  even bigger modification was the addition of the $100,000 McCafe  drink stations– one of the most expensive changes in years. (The corporation picks up $30,000 of that cost). Stores had to be redesigned to make room for space next to the pick-up window to accommodate the 4 pieces of drink equipment. Some franchisees balked at the price tag and low drink sales volumes, claiming â€Å"we are not even paying for the electricity to run the machines†. Discussion questions: 1. Why did McDonald’s make these two strategic changes? 2. Ask your students to rank the importance of the   9 changes, referring to the Global Profile in Ch. 9. 3. How has the average McDonald’s   changed in the past decades? Are all of the layout strategies still in place? OM in the News: Product Enhancement and the McDonald’s Happy  MealJuly 27, 2011 tags: Ch. 5, Happy Meals, McDonalds, product enhancement y Barry Render Under pressure from 550 health organizations to stop marketing   â€Å"junk food†Ã‚   to children and to retire Ronald McDonald (the clown mascot), McDonald’s has chosen the path of product enhancement (Ch. 5) as a preemptive strike. The New York Times (July 27, 2011) reports today that the firm will start to fill its Happy Meal boxes with apple slices  and smaller portions of french fries this September. By next April, the new menu will be rolled out to all 14,000 restaurants. The food industry overall has come under increased scrutiny as childhood obesity levels have risen. San Francisco last year banned the inclusion of toys in kids’ meals unless there is a fruit and vegetable included. New York City has a similar rule in the works. Instead of developing all new kids’ products (or including vegetables), McDonald’s is responding with 1/2 the number of fries and a 20% lower calorie count. The new Happy Meal, containing 4 chicken nuggets and a small Coke, weighs in at 410 calories (vs. 520 in the older product), 17 grams of fat (vs. 23 g), and 58 grams of carbs (vs. 69 g). The firm decided against making apples a total replacement for fries when only 11% of customers showed an interest in that option. While some critics praised the changes  (Mrs. Obama called them â€Å"positive steps†), one NYU prof called the move a â€Å"sham†, in part because McDonald’s is not limiting sodas. In fact, sugar levels go up with the Coke and apple together. Discussion questions: 1. What are the operations challenges in changing the Happy Meal? 2. Do students believe legislation is an appropriate means to make menus healthier? 3. How are other restaurants responding  with children’s menu options. Mc DonaldsOne of the most important strategic decisions made by a company like McDonalds is where to locate their operations. Location options include maintaining current sites while adding another facility elsewhere. (Heizer, 2001)    Their facilities are located all over the world due to their franchising system. In the early 1990s, McDonalds began working with major oil companies to pioneer a new format for developing a restaurant, convenience store and fueling facilities on a single site. By co-developing sites, fueling facility operators and McDonalds could offer the busy consumer the ultimate in convenience ? one stop shopping for great food, branded fuel and convenience store items. According to Operations Management, McDonalds has revolutionized the restaurant industry by inventing the limited-menu fast-food restaurant. Some innovations it has made are the introductions of indoor seating and drive-through windows, which were strategic issues of facility layout. By adding breakfasts to the Is this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 460,000 just like it! get  better  grades menu, they incorporated a product strategy. Another layout decision was the addition of play areas. McDonalds continues to improve their operations by innovating a new layout to facilitate a mass customization process. Some of the restaurants now have the Made for You kitchen system, where sandwiches are assembled to order and production levels are controlled by computers. This new layout is intended to both improve the taste of food by ensuring that it is always freshly made, and to facilitate the introduction of new products. Total production process time was shortened and other adjustments were made to save even more time and to work in conjunction with the new layout. This new layout will be more efficient, and save more time and money. It achieves a higher utilization of space, equipment, and people. A process strategy that may apply to McDonalds is a repetitive process. They moved from process focus to repetitive focus. They are now trying to add more Facility Layouts Of Mcdonalds- India, Pizza Hut-India ; Dominos Pizza- IndiaINTRODUCTIONIn order to maximizing the effectiveness of production processes and meeting employee needs ; desires Facility layout and design plays a key role in businesss overall operations. It entails in determining the placement off departments, work group within the departments, workstations, machines stock holding points within a production facility. DEFINITION: â€Å"The physical arrangement of everything needed for the product or service, including machines, personnel, raw materials, and finished goods. The criteria for a good layout necessarily relate to people (personnel and customers), materials (raw, finished, and in process), machines, and their interactions. â€Å"- Howard J. Weiss and Mark E. GershonFACTORS IN DETERMINING LAYOUT DESIGN: There are many operational factors which need to consider while construction or renovation of a facility for maximum layout effectiveness. It includes:    * Ease of future expansion or change: Facilities should be designed so that they Is this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 460,000 just like it! get  better  grades can be easily expanded or adjusted to meet changing production needs. * Flow of movement: The facility design should reflect recognition of the importance of smooth process flow. The flow need not be a straight line. Parallel flows, U-shaped patterns, or even a zig-zag that ends up with the finished product back at the shipping and receiving bays can be functional. However, backtracking is to be avoided in whatever pattern is chosen. * Materials handling: It is essential to ensure the facility layout makes possible to handle materials (products, equipment, containers, etc. ). It should be in an orderly, efficient—and preferably simple—manner. * Output needs: The facility should be laid out in a way that is conducive to helping the business meet its production needs. * Space utilization: This aspect of facility design includes everything from making sure that traffic lanes are wide enough to making certain that inventory storage warehouses or rooms

At the opening of act V of the tempest Essay Example

At the opening of act V of the tempest Essay Example At the opening of act V of the tempest Paper At the opening of act V of the tempest Paper e. g. the use of antithesis tells us about the once evil Prospero (`fury` and `vengeance`),and tells us about the now kind and forgiving Prospero (`reason` and `virtue`). This essay has now analysed and explained some of the numerous ways in which Shakespeare assists the audience into believing in Prospero’s abrupt change of heart.

Neutrino - definition of a neutrino

Neutrino - definition of a neutrino Definition: The neutrino is an elementary particle which holds no electrical charge, travels at nearly the speed of light, and passes through ordinary matter with virtually no interaction. Neutrinos are created as part of radioactive decay. This decay was observed in 1896 by Henri Bacquerel, when he noted that certain atoms seem to emit electrons (a process known as beta decay). In 1930, Wolfgang Pauli proposed an explanation for where these electrons could have come from without violating conservation laws, but it involved the presence of a very light, uncharged particle emitted simultaneously during the decay. Neutrinos are produced through radioactive interactions, such as solar fusion, supernovae, radioactive decay, and when cosmic rays collide with the Earths atmosphere. It was Enrico Fermi who developed a more complete theory of neutrino interactions and who coined the term neutrino for these particles. A group of researchers discovered the neutrino in 1956, a finding which later earned them the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics. There are actually three types of neutrino: electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tau neutrino. These names come from the their partner particle under the Standard Model of particle physics. The muon neutrino was discovered in 1962 (and earned a Nobel Prize in 1988, 7 years before the earlier discovery of the electron neutrino earned one.) Early predictions indicated that the neutrino may have had no mass, but later examinations have indicated that it has a very small amount of mass, but not zero mass. The neutrino has a half-integer spin, so it is a fermion. It is an electronically neutral lepton, so it interacts through neither the strong nor electromagnetic forces, but only through the weak interaction. Pronunciation: new-tree-no Also Known As: Electron NeutrinoMuon NeutrinoTau Neutrino

Types of Music and Their Fundamental Attractions Essay

Types of Music and Their Fundamental Attractions - Essay Example Originally this was pre-eminently the church; after the Middle Ages, it became more and more the courts of the secular nobility of Europe. As recently as the late eighteen century Haydn and Mozart wrote most of their music for performance in the private orchestras and theatres, and hence the classical composers developed their orchestral symphonies, their chamber music and operas. It was Beethoven who completed the plans for the orchestra begun by Haydn. One of Beethoven's greatest legacies to the world is the modern orchestra. The orchestra speaks a noble language. Happiness or sorrow is in its tones. Its voice can speak of peace or war, of every thought, fear, hope grief, or the joy of mankind. Because Beethoven's music had those same qualities, he wanted the orchestra to fully express them. He made the orchestra to suit the purpose of his music. Beethoven used the string choir for the heart of his orchestra. He strengthened the woodwind choir and the brass choir. He made the tympani into living drums. In other words, he gave the orchestra a new unity and a new power.  

Kent Cars Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Kent Cars Ltd - Essay Example At the outset, a shareholder of a private limited company may find himself helpless and locked into the company. Under this scenario, a shareholder who is unable to exert control within the company becomes vulnerable. By taking advantage of his weak position, the controllers of the company at the expense of the non-controlling shareholder, may wield enormous power and authority in administering the company. (Vries 2010:1). The Articles of Association of a private limited company will always consist of some restrictions on transfer of shares. Normally, provisions in the Articles or Table A empower the directors of a company some limited rights to turn down transfer of shares in case of partly paid-up shares. As in the case of fully paid-up shares, such a restriction will be of technical nature only. As the operation and the management of the majority of small companies is wholly reliance on the prolonged good relations between the members of the company to such a magnitude that such c ompanies are frequently no more than partnerships but disguised with a corporate form. Hence, it is significant for the directors or members of such companies to place severe restrictions upon the transfer of shares as it will be tantamount to change in ownership. These restrictions will generally assume the form of the granting of pre-emption rights in favour of the present members of the company which is similar to the statutory pre-emption rights applicable to allotment of shares. The general procedure for transfer of shares in a private limited company is that any member who wants to dispose off his shares should give a notice first to the company. Such Notice will automatically make the company as the member’s agent for the purpose of first offering of shares to the present or existing members of the company in the ratio to their present shareholding. This connotes, by the proposed transfer of shares, the equilibrium or balance between the existing members of the company is protected, presuming that the members in question will have the opportunity to source the needed capital to acquire such shares offered. The following points should be kept in mind in case of transfer of shares of private limited companies; Great care should be given to make sure that the needed procedure is carefully adhered to in case of a transfer and if transfer of shares are expected or if the directors of a company receive notice from a member of his intention to transfer of shares and in such event, immediate reference is to be made to the conditions provided in the â€Å"AOA† † (Articles of Association of the company)†. The most common source of the tussle between the member who wishes to dispose off his share and the other members or directors of the company pertains to valuation of shares. Normally, the Articles of Association will contain a provision that in such scenario, the valuation of shares shall have to be made either by an independent expert or by the statutory auditor of the company where it is provided so and in cases where parties could arrive at a fair price or valuation. If the offered

Obessive compulsive Disorder- and how it affects daily life Research Paper

Obessive compulsive Disorder- and how it affects daily life - Research Paper Example OCD is a disorder of anxiety, characterized by unwanted, uncontrollable thoughts, and ritualized, repetitive behavior that makes the affected person to feel as if they cannot perform. A person with such symptoms also feels that he cannot break free or resist from them. Like a needle that is stuck on old records, OCD sticks the brain to a particular urge or thought (National Institute for Mental Health 231). For example, Joe, an accountant in a certain firm keeps looking at clients books, now and then, because he fears that he might have missed something or done a mathematical error. Consequently, this has lowered his productivity so much that the management has issued him with warnings severally, but he just can’t avoid it. OCD is a disease that cripples both physically and mentally. Though there are no physical signs, it eats in every wake moment but many people suffer alone and in silence, as they are ashamed to share it with anyone, but its effects on the victim’s bo dy are normally unbearable. Millions of people are affected on their daily basis as they struggle to carry out their daily tasks that many of us take for granted. Imagine a person arriving at his work place and immediately start worrying that he may not have locked the doors or windows. This person may be forced to go back home now and again to ensure that everything is okay. This then affects their work productivity besides fatigue. Differences between Obsessions and Compulsions Obsessions are uncontrollable involuntary thoughts, impulses or images that occur again and again in our minds. No matter how much you don’t want to have such thoughts or ideas because you know very well that they don’t make sense, you just can’t stop them. Unfortunately, they are distracting and disturbing. On the other hand, compulsions are rituals or behavior that drives someone into do something now and then. These are mainly done in an attempt to do away with obsessions. For exampl e, someone who fears contamination may develop cleaning rituals that are very elaborate. However, the relief does not last because the obsessive thoughts always come back. Compulsive behavior normally causes anxiety as they become more time consuming and demanding. People with OCD are grouped into several categories. These are; washers, who fear contamination and therefore develops hand-washing or cleaning compulsions. Checkers keep checking at things they associate with danger or harm. Sinners and doubters are usually afraid that if something is not perfectly done, something bad might happen, whiles arrangers and counters are symmetry obsessed that develop superstitions about certain arrangements, colors or numbers. Hoarders are obsessed by fear of something bad happening if they throw away anything. Therefore, they hoard things they neither use nor need. Causes of OCD Scientists and doctors have not yet discovered what really causes OCD. However, recent research has explained bett er OCD understanding together with its potential causes. Experts believe that OCD is related to serotin levels, a normal brain chemical. Blockage of serotin’s normal flow the alarm system of the brain misinterprets and overreacts to this information. Messages of danger are triggered mistakenly by such false alarms making the brain to dwell on them, instead of instead of filtering them out. This makes the person to experience doubt and fear that is unrealistic. OCD is caused by strong worry or anxiety that acts like an alarm

The Tourism Industry In Malaysia Tourism Essay

The Tourism Industry In Malaysia Tourism Essay This chapter includes parts. Part 1 is about the background of the tourism industry in Malaysia. Part 2 is about the problem statement. The following part is about the objectives of study and hypotheses of the study. Last part is significance of the study. The tourism industry in Malaysia can be considered as one of the most important and strategic industries in the Malaysia sector. Compared with other industry sector in Malaysia, the tourism industry has been estimated to boost the Gross Domestic Income so that Malaysia can be a developed nation by 2020. For example, the estimation about China tourism industry is expand accordingly to Table 1 with market share of 8.6% and will have a drastically growth in future around 8.0% in year 2020. Since the china have focusing on increase the tourism industry to boost the gross domestic income, Malaysia government are also trying to promote Malaysia as tourism country especially through a lot of advertising from inside or outside of Malaysia region. Currently, there are advertising Malaysia tourism industry with the slogan of Malaysia Truly Asia. The Malaysia tourism industry are developing because from the above table 2 show that the number of hotel was supply in Malaysia are there same amount that is 2,373 from to 2008 to 2009 but the number of hotel in every state are increasing especially for Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Perak, Pulau Pinang, Johor and Sabah . There are only two state which numbers of hotel are decreasing are Putrajaya and Pahang. Furthermore, the total numbers of room supply are increasing about 1.9% from 165739 rooms to 168844 rooms for 2009. According to the table 2, there are increasing numbers of hotel and rooms by state showing the trend of tourist are increasing. The tables 3 are showing the number of tourist arrival from outside of Malaysia on year 2008 and 2009.The total number of foreigner tourist arrival Malaysia are increasing from 22052488 people to 23646191 people and the percentage increase about 7.2%. There are some factors which lead to encourage outside tourist to visit Malaysia, although there are a barrier of distance between other country and Malaysia but the number of foreigner are still increasing from year 2008 to 2009. Although there are distance but the tourism keep visiting Malaysia from one year to one year. 1.3 Problem Statement With the fast development of information communication technologies (ICTs) and the expansion of the Internet has affected the tourism industry structures around the world. New technologies have been adopted in the tourism industry in lot of country for more than 30 years, and the trend is likely to continue into the future. For example China, as a fast-growing developing country in Asia, is gaining importance in the international tourism market for its historical and cultural attractiveness as a destination. It is also becoming a booming tourism source country as its population starts travelling overseas. This study examines how the ICT and Internet gradually change the tourism industry structure in China; how important such changes are, and to where such changes will lead Chinas tourism industry. Does Malaysia have the same situation such as China? In this research, the main purpose to conduct is to examine the use of information technology on Malaysias tourism agencies. As we know ITs become instrumental to boost their competitiveness in the tourism industries. The evolution of ITs processing power in the last decade have change their capabilities as they constantly increase the ability of technology to influence the tourism industry. With the innovation in technology, ensure the tourism industry bigger market which had leaded to increase the Gross Domestic Income. Moreover, as the technology going advance bring lot change to tourism industry and bring more advantage to this industry. What are the factors that give a positive impact to tourism from the use of information technology? This survey being conducted to explorer the factor that encourages the use of information technology on Malaysias tourism agencies. Other than that, as many tourism agencies acknowledge that the impacts of information technology to Malaysia tourism industry are becoming more obvious nowadays. Today tourism industries are very different compare to era of 90s, especially the trend of tourist are changing also has change drastically especially after population of human is increase from year to year. Is that socio-economic influence a tourist choosing their vacation? Socio-economic is the study of the relationship between economic activity and social life. Socio-economic includes age, salaries, education, gender and others. Both high salaries and low salaries tourist will choose the dissimilar vacation. The level education also may effect for the choosing of one location for vacation. Males and females are also preferred to difference location for vacation. Mostly probably we will know what are the personal traits of tourist which lead them to choose one location as their vacation? As the diffusion of information technology occurs globally lead a use of different type of information technology for Malaysia tourism agencies. For example in tourism is the re-engineering of the booking process, which becomes rationalized and enables both consumers and the industry to save more time especially in identifying, reserving and purchasing tourism products. Moreover, tourists will be able to browse through the Internet and identify a rich variety of source from different information technology in order to make travel choices suited to their personal requirements. For example the Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs), Global Distribution Systems (GDSs), the emerging super highway by using the Internet and the World Wide Web and other information technology. Which is the most capable type of information technology being use by the tourist especially when they wanted to go for a vacation in Malaysia? 1.4 Objectives of study The objectives are to examine the use of information technology in Malaysias tourism industry. The specific objectives are: To identify factor that encourages the use of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry. To examine the tourist personnel trend from the innovation of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry. To examine the relationship between different type of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry. 1.5 Hypotheses of the study Based on the study, we are finding out whether the factor that encourage use of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry got relate with the use of different type of information technology through the tourist personal trend from innovation of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry. There are list of for the hypothesis development: H1: Factors that encourage use of information technology will predict significantly the different type of information technology. H2: There will be a significantly relationship between factors that encourage use of information technology and tourist personal trend from the innovation of information technology H3: tourist personal trend from the innovation of information technology will significantly predict the use of different type of information technology. H4: tourist personal trend from the innovation of information technology will mediate the relationships between that encourage use of information technology and the use of different type of information technology. 1.6 Significance of the study This study will show the trend of tourism industry in Malaysia can help academicians or practitioner to improve and enhance their understanding about the factors that encourage use of information technology are the most important factor in Malaysia tourism industry and how it can how it can give impact to the use of different type of information technology in tourism industry through the trend of tourist personnel trend from innovation of information technology. Through this study also can help the people of this country to identify the drastic changing in tourism industry nowadays because of the influence of information technology in this industry. As a result, most of tourism agencies going to use information technology to advertise and this encourage tourist choose different type of information technology for purpose to travel. The finding from the study can help the tourism agencies or researcher to more understand the evolution of ITs processing power in the last decade have change their capabilities as they constantly increase the ability of technology to influence the tourism industry. There is different capable type of information technology being use by the tourist especially when they wanted to go for a vacation. With the huge no of tourist from outside and inside of Malaysia has leaded to increase the Gross Domestic Income. Besides that, the trend of tourist are changing also has change drastically especially after population of human is increase from year to year. Through this study, can help tourism or researcher more focus on the personnel trend of tourist to ensure every aspect of tourist behavior being update accordingly to current situation. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter is discussing about use of information technology in tourism industry. 2.2.1 Literature review As the tourism industry are growing up in other countries like China tourism industry compare with Malaysia tourism. Although with new form of tourism has grow rapidly but the size and destination of Chinese outbound travel are still become an obstacle to China because of their government policies. The CPC Central Committee at its conference about economy in late 1998 giving opinion that the tourist industry as one of the new growth points of the national economy in the years to come (Qian, 1999) Therefore, Hong Kong, Macao, some of the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asia Nations) countries, Australia and South Korea have choose China as their major target market by setting up a variety of promotion campaigns. Based on the state statistics, among the countrys 5,201 hotels entitled to accommodate overseas visitors in 1997, 734 were joint venture hotels with over 330,000 hotel bed-spaces, making up 23.5 per cent of the grand total of hotel bed-spaces in the country (CNTA, 1998). Incre asingly, ICTs play a critical role for the competitiveness of tourism organizations and destinations as well as for the entire industry as a whole (UNWTO, 2001).Based on the previous researcher, tourists who searched on the Internet mostly spend more time at their destinations as compared to those who consult other information sources.(Bonn, Furr, Susskind, 1998; Luo, Feng, Cai, 2004). There are other countries resources about tourism industry which to use as variable to measure factor the use of information technology that affect Malaysia tourism industry. By using some example about the advantage of information technology especially online application as variable to test the factor will give impact to the Malaysias tourism. Those variables may include pricing, less time spent on waiting and planning more time on enjoyment, increased the number of choice for consumer, effective mechanism to air complain, and many other factors. Other than that, the internet provides a best solution to sell their products globally to potential travelers at anytime. For example, the supplier can monitor their servers by depend on the display information of product and services at an electronic speed (Inkpen, 1998: Law, 2000). As in the modern era, Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) have impact on the process of how business is performed and how organizations compete with it (Porter, 1985, 2001; Porter Millar, 1985). There are reason of encourages the use of travel agencies is because personal agencies be able to provide personal information and advice to traveler (Palmer and McCole(1999) ; and walle(1996). For tourist, they make reservations and receive tickets at home through travel websites which can save their time on waiting and planning (OConnor Frew, 2001). As we know, there are factor which emphasizes the online booking for air ticket because this will convenient the tourist. Based on information technology applications, there are also e-shopping which provides a large geographic coverage that allows consumers to buy from a great variety of product when they shop at home (Peterson et al., 1997). Moreover, ICTs also become a very effective mechanism for consumers to make air complaints. Based on previous record there are less than 5 percent of customers who were dissatisfied and already voiced out their complaints using online application (Albrecht Zemke, 1985). For example Electronic Word-Of-Mouth (WOM) becomes useful tool to voice complaints about brands through websites, chat rooms and consumer forums (Gelb Sundaram, 2002). There are some sources call Untied.co is probably one of the most famous examples for one individual who not only used his website to complain against United Airlines himself but also to accumulate thousands of complaints from other traveler. The research being carried up to know whether Malaysia tourist using information technology when they want to travel because of is depend on the effective mechanism to voice some complain. Nowadays, individuals have enough power to take on powerful organizations such as airlines (Buhalis, 2004).This show how effe ctive the impact of information technology on tourism industry around whole world. In addition, according to (Shea, Enghagen, and Khullar, 2004) have illustrated a real case Yours is a very bad Hotel Which publish the unpleasant experience made by at least seven newspapers and magazines report. In this literature review, (Werthner and Ricci, 2004) have found that the tourism industry is leading through e-Commerce applications. This application being applied in many Malaysia tourism agencies because of the effeteness of information technology. The information technology was fully supports by Three-dimensional (3D) interactive websites have attracted the online consumer to do online purchases, and to create loyalty (Fiore, Kim Lee, 2005). Furthermore, tourists can get visualized tourism information from digital maps with aerial and satellite images in both two dimensions and even three dimensions (Raggam Almer, 2005).With this kind of information technology will lead to the factor which encourages Malaysia tourism industry to growth stable. This study reviewed the literature to determine factors encourage the use of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry. In this literature review, the objective show that the impacts of information technology to Malaysia tourism industry are becoming more obvious nowadays until change the personnel trait of the tourist when choosing one location as their vacation. This may involve the socio-economic about study of the relationship between economic activity and social life. Travel and holidays are one of the most expensive items purchased regularly by households around the world and it represents a significant proportion of individuals annual budget. The Internet has changed tourism consumer behavior dramatically (Mills Law, 2004). Moreover, majority of the customers search for travel related information, air ticket bookings using online, room reservations by online and other by online purchases themselves by travel agencies to undertake this process for them (Morrison et al., 2001). According to (Gursoy and McCleary, 2004) already have developed a comprehensive theoretical model that integrated all p sychological, economics, and processing approaches into a cohesive whole for understanding tourists information by seeking their behavior. Normally, through the increasingly of profiling will bring a better personalization, customization and interaction between consumers and tourism organizations. According to (Pouloudi, Vassilopoulou, and Ziouvelou, 2002) have stated that the Internet users profiles mostly divide into seven e-social factors, namely: geography, culture, regulation, economic, professional, social capital, and social structure. Although the online travel sales and marketing volume keeps increasing, they not depend fully to information technology application but traveler or tourist still depend on travel agents for some human touch and service( Palmer and McCole and Travel Association of America, 1998). Mostly probably when the web users search for travel information, they will tend to browse online about their holiday vacation through multiple websites. As a result, their start finding information in a generic search engine likes Google. By ensure there are systematic applications such as recommender system to ensure assistance in the social process of indicating about what options are better suited in a specific case for some individuals (Resnick Varian, 1997, Gretzel et al,, 2004). With this recommender system can provide valuable information to assist consumers decision making process (Ricci, 2002). Other than that, with this kind of recommender system can help travelers when facing complex decision-making process by correlating those to other consumers and their preferences and also by identifying better customer requirements (Fesenmaier, Werthner, Wà ¶ber, 2003, Ricci Werthner, 2002, 2006). In Malaysia, majority of the tourist still depend on tourism agencies to choose their vacation. Selection of vacation destinations and the choice of leisure activities throughout the vacation, and with other travel-related decisions are based on personality (Mardrigal, 1995). In some of the information search being make, behavior has a significant relationship with demographic and lifestyle characteristics. For example in online ticket reservation booking for room of hotel which can allow consumers to set their online profile and to include personal data that suit their preference. Thus, with such application can support tourism organizations to provide better service in future to the consumer especially the tourist. In tourism if there are understandings how different market segments appreciate different tourism products or services also can increase the possibilities to put suitable products forward for customer. For example, Lastminute.com is one of the web collects suitable information to personalize the weekly newsletter that being sent to consumers and also trace what parts of the newsletter are accessed by most of the consumers so can provide the right personalize in future. For tourism agencies in Malaysia, there are some web which provides demogr aphics and life cycle information about customer profiling. For example, when choosing a vacation for holidays depend on joint decision-making process between husbands and wives mostly. Other than that, children also can play a key role in the decision making process when involve choosing one location for vacation (Wang et al., 2004).With the attractive of the web because of games and chat-rooms on the Internet on some of the travel agencies web encourage some children often seek fun. As a result, children become the target of tourism attractions especially by provide some of interactive games in order to attract children to visit and engage with their websites (Tufte Rasmusse, 2003). Nowadays, consumer trend when using information technology to search information involve all layer of age. According to (Graeupl, 2006) the consumers aged between 50 to 60 are likely to become the most higher category involve in searching for flight information and accommodation are but most of them w ere not interested in package holidays. As a result, probably we will know there are different personal traits of tourist which lead them to choose one location as their vacation. 2.2 Proposed Theoretical Framework There are independent variables such as the factor that can influence type of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry. The independent variables in this research are factor that encourages the use of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry and the personnel traits of tourist are mediating variable. Factor there are encourage the use of information technology include the element of: Require less time and planning Price cheaper Effective mechanism to air complain Easy for making payment Increase of the number of choice for tourist The use of it without border or region barrier Virtual communities Meanwhile the dependent variable is the type of information technology use in tourism industry. The effective between factors that encourage the use of information technology on type of information technology through the personnel trait of tourist is show in diagrammed in figure 1: Independent Variables Factor of the use of IT on Malaysia tourism industry Time and planning Price Effective to air complain Easy for making payment number of choice for tourist The use without border or region barrier Virtual communities Dependent Variables Demographic variable Type of information technology on tourism industry Personnel trait of tourist Figure 1: Theoretical framework to describe effect between the factors that encourage the use of IT on type of information technology on tourism industry through personnel trait of tourist. 2.3 Hypothesis Development: A hypothesis of this study will develop to check the factor there are encourage the use of information technology on type of information technology through personnel trait of tourist. There are sample of 100 survey form being taken from different state in Malaysia to test the variable. The question is whether there is an effect between these variables. H01: Factors that encourage use of information technology will predict significantly the different type of information technology. Ha1: Factors that encourage use of information technology will not predict significantly the different type of information technology. H02: There will be a significantly relationship between factors that encourage use of information technology and tourist personnel trend from the innovation of information technology. Ha2: There will be no significantly relationship between factors that encourage use of information technology and tourist personnel trend from the innovation of information technology. H03: Tourist personnel trend from the innovation of information technology will significantly predict the use of different type of information technology. Ha3: Tourist personnel l trend from the innovation of information technology will not significantly predict the use of different type of information technology. H04: Tourist personnel trend from the innovation of information technology will mediate the relationships between that factor encourage use of information technology and the use of different type of information technology. Ha4: Tourist personnel trend from the innovation of information technology will not mediate the relationships between factor that encourage use of information technology and the use of different type of information technology. Chapter 3: Methodology 3.0 Introduction This chapter describes the research methodology used throughout the study. The study is to measure what is relationship between variables: factors that encourage the use of information technology, type of information technology and the personal trait of tourist. Topic included in this chapter is the overall research design which consists of seven chapters. First part is about the introduction, seconds is about the research design, third is data collection method ,fourth is sampling design, fourth is about the researcher instrument ,fifth involve measurement scales, sixth is data processing and last part is about data analysis statistic . 3.1 research design In the research design, there are an answer questions like how or why in designing the questionnaire (Robert K. Yin, 1994). In developing the questionnaire, there no fast rules. However there are some guideline that help prevent the most common mistake being make by researchers in develop a questionnaire. There criteria must be emphasized such as to avoid leading and loaded questions. Moreover, use of questionnaire techniques to collect data for this study. By planning on the research question can ensure the two criteria a questionnaire to meet the researchers purpose (Zigmund, 2002).The questionnaire must have relevancy and accuracy to objective. The use of word may bring to some of misleading thought (Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903). Thus, the questionnaire must be based on capability to avoid any order bias. There are also quantitative data which the number that can be used to measure the variable. There are either descriptive which mean subjects usually measured once or experimental which mean subjects measured before and after a treatment in the quantitative research designs (Will G Hopkins, 2000). When measurement the variable from theory it more on the numbers, and the neutrality makes them become the source of remedial suggestions ( Kuhn, 1961). Other than that, quantitative data very efficient because it be able to test the hypotheses but may miss some of contextual detail (Miles Huberman,1994).Moreover, the qualitative approach is a general way of thinking about conducting qualitative research. It describes, either explicitly or implicitly, In-Depth Interviews. 3.2. Data collection method Data refer to simply facts of certain phenomena (Zigmund, 2002). There are two type of data collection which divides into primary data and secondary data. The observed or collected directly from first-hand experience is called primary data .Other than that, published data and the data collected in the past or other parties, is called secondary data. Moreover, all data are classified into qualitative or quantitative from the primary data and secondary data. 3.2.1 Primary data This study utilized primary data collected survey in different state in Malaysia. A questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 100 respondents near to vacation which have many tourists near different state in Malaysia. A personal questionnaire was designed to solicit firstly: socio-economic profile of respondents; and secondly, to measure some consumer attitudinal dimension towards fundamental aspects of choosing a vacation using information technology which include time and planning, price, effective to air complain, easy for making payment, number of choice for tourist, the use without border or region barrier, and virtual communities. The socio-economic variables include: age, gender, race, education, income level and occupation. Likert scales were employed to measure the intensity of the consumers attitude towards the proposed concepts or statements. (Fatimah Mohd Arshad et al, 2001). 3.2.2 Secondary data Secondary data are usually historical, already assembly, and do not require access to respondents or subjects. The fact finding of it is aimed at collecting descriptive information to support decision making. The use of secondary data is to get more accurate information. Secondary data being used as the  research design  due to primary research and can provide a guide which the collected primary data results can be compared to it. 3.3 Sampling design 3.3.1 Target population Majority of the target population is focus on tourist from different state in Malaysia. 3.3.2 Sampling Elements The study is to choose different tourist from different age, race and country. 3.3.3 Sampling Technique There are several ways of sampling technique for taking a sample. The methods are probability and non-probability sampling techniques. A  probability sampling  scheme is one in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique in which the units of the sample are selected on the basic of person judgment or convenience. Convenient sampling is a procedure used to obtain those units or people conveniently available. Moreover, convenience sampling being use because it is a low cost and the list of population was took randomly. 3.3.4 Sampling Size In this study, survey form being distributed to 100 respondents of tourist from different age from different area. 3.4 Research Instrument There are questionnaire being used for data collection. The questionnaire involve the combination of the questionnaire on factors that encourage the use of information technology, personal trait of tourist, and the type of information technology being use by tourist in tourism industry. The questionnaire being set up and modified based on the objective of study. The factors that encourage the use of information technology The questionnaire on factors that encourage the use of information technology was measured using the factor scale developed by (Dimitrios Buhalis and Maria Cristina Licata, 2004).The scale comprised of seven parts such as time and planning, price, effective to air complain, easy for making payment, number of choice for tourist, the use without border or region barrier, and virtual communities. There are 5-point likert scale was use ranging from strongly disagree(1), disagree(2), partly agree(3), agree(4), strongly agree(5). The personal trait of tourist The personnel trait of tourist was measured using example develop by (Rob Law, Kenith Law, and James Wong, 2004).The questions pertaining to the respondents gender, ethnic, age, income, marital status, education, employees status, country origin, and travel purpose. Respondent need to choose one of preference that are suitable for them .Moreover, the choices of questions are already classified. 3. The different type of information technology The different type of information technology was measured using different type IT scale developed by (D. Buhalis and M.C. Licata, 2004). The scale consisted of type such as World Wide Web, Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs), Global Distribution Systems (GDSs) and other. The 5-point likert scale was use ranging from strongly disagree(1), disagree(2), partly agree(3), agree(4), strongly agree(5). 3.5 Measurement Scales A scale being defined as any category of item which being progressively according to value or magnitude. For normally there are four types of measurement scales used in research such as nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. In this study, only nominal and interval scales being use. Interval scales being use to test variable in section 1 and 3 and measure the different in the choice making of respondent. Nominal scale used in section 2 to measure the demographic variable of respondent. 3.6 Data processing In this study, the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) software version 17 will use to process the data being collected. SPSS data input be coding and transform to output through SPSS software. All the input be collected being put into the SPSS input to get the more accurate and reliable. 3.7 Data Analysis 3.7.1 Descriptive Analysis By changing the raw data into a form that will ensure the output is easy to understand and interpret it known as descriptive analysis (Zikmund, 2002). It also can rearr

Flawed Criminal Justice System in the United States

The Criminal Justice System of the country is under scrutiny as many researchers believe the inadequacy of the system to punish law offenders. Ideally, the justice system is there to defend society from its own people who violate specific laws that govern social order and peace.But it has been criticized for much other reason. One of which is that the criminal justice system is integrally corrupt and flawed.One major flaw of the criminal justice system in the country is that it demands a category of financial capability, or else you can get out of jail. It is very easy to get out of your term in jail. If one can afford the bail, then less time in prison will be charged. The more money one has, the less time he or she has to stay in prison to avail of the crime he committed. Such is the case of many prominent and influential families in the country.But judging from statistics, many people convicted with crimes are more or less poor to afford the standardized bail in the justice courts . Judge who process the hearings are also a major factor in determining how much would one criminal pay to get out of jail, and if one person is lucky, the judge may sympathized with his/her situation in terms of his/her finances, and bail conditions are much less than the average. This is one of the major flaws in the criminal justice system, money matters.â€Å"You can get a person out of the ghetto, but you can not remove the ghetto out of him†. The aphorism mentions how much the environment one person lives affects his behaviour towards society and the people. Another problem criticized in the criminal justice system is the increasing recidivism rate of prisoners in the country. This explains former criminals not just going to jail once, but gets arrested for either the same crime or a new one.The question that remains is whether the criminals are punished enough for the crimes committed, becomes reality persists that criminals return to prison after some time. As cited i n Scott (2004) study, about 1500 men in the Chicago metropolitan alone returns to their communities each month.The ineffectiveness of the criminal justice system to rehabilitate the ex-convicts into leading a more productive and moral life is being questioned. There are about 44 percent of ex-prisoners rearrested after being released from prison and that says how much inadequate the penalties for law offenders in the country.There are many factors contributing to the rising number of criminals every year, majority of which due to the influence brought about by drugs and the selling and retailing of drugs.As mentioned by Henslin, there is the prevailing â€Å"medicalization of human problems† caused by several â€Å"mood elevators† such as alcohol, drugs, nicotine and marijuana. Using these drugs has serious effects on the user, and thus actions are affected primarily with each use. From the use of different drugs arise many other consequences that contribute to the ala rming rate of criminal acts in the country.Henslin suggested that in order to â€Å"rehabilitate† these offenders with such influence from drugs, the society must entail the conscious effort to restrict the influence of the drugs and evoke a sense of acceptance without any punishment or even treatment of punishment to criminals. In the sense, what he is implying is that society must not react with such incidents with harsh punishments, otherwise, offenders will not learn.But the rule of law applies to every individual and the state must protect each citizen for each account of violation, if the suggested action is more participatory and society-oriented, that is permitted given that punishment is also given to offenders.The system only dictates its role as the primary body which governs all action against criminal offenders, but there also arise the role of the communities and other people involve modifying the system and putting a human touch in the rehabilitation process of the offender.Yes, the suggestion is definitive of what the system needs in terms of more action from the society and how society shall respond, but the law must still be applied because it is the only way to govern peace and order in the society.As mentioned, many researchers have proposed a more socially-oriented way to improve the justice system in the country. Human intervention between rehabilitation groups must exist to support the need for self rehabilitation of offenders. In such suggestions, it also implies the society to immediately relieve all influences in the media, society and community of possible sources of influence such as alcohol commercial and advertisements.That will be very effective if the people in communities themselves adopt the role in which they will take part in rehabilitating these offenders. There must be support groups which aim to assist the offenders in a more righteous path. The criminal justice system must think of more innovative ways to relive t he system of increasing recidivism of offenders.Social policy also contributes to the problems in the criminal justice system. The justice system is concerned with major drug use, but as the readings entails, from a medical standpoint, all drugs are considered harmful when taken in excess. The society and the justice system must specify the definition of these terms in order to devise a more distinct approach in solving the problem with drugs.Another approach taken into consideration in remedy of the flawed criminal justice system is the â€Å"get-tough policy†. This is in contrast with the approach presented earlier that involves the society and the community in rehabilitating offenders. The get-tough policy entails a more rigorous and strict pursuit of offenders in the society. More harsh punishments that will evoke a sense of restriction to anybody who attempts to do harm.There is nothing wrong with the policy because there is the sense of responsibility given by the autho rity and the state in protecting the welfare of the people. But somehow, it questions that extent of this policy in terms of human rights.Or how harsh is the state going to be in punishing offenders? These questions are answered with the right attitude and concise definition of the policies that will be implemented under the rule of law.

Balanced Scorecard Essay

Introduction Performance management systems are often designed to enable organizations to plan, measure and control their performance, so that decisions, resources and activities can be better aligned with business strategies to achieve desired results and create shareholder value. The Balanced Scorecard is a performance tool using financial and nonfinancial measures. It provides an organization with ways to develop and evaluate strategic objectives and goals. For the past two decades, the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) has been proposed as an integrated framework for the implementation of financial and nonfinancial performance measures that helps organizations align their initiatives with the organization’s strategy (Kaplan ; Norton, 1992). The United States Postal Service delivers more mail to more addresses in a larger geographical area than any other post in the world. The Postal Service delivers to more than152 million homes, businesses and Post Office boxes in every state, city, town and borough in this country. Everyone living in the United States and its territories has access to postal products and services and pays the same postage regardless of their location (USPS, 2014). This paper will examine the effectiveness of the implementation of the balanced score card approach. Key Issues for Discussion Explain how the Voice of the Employee supports improved internal processes (Voice of the Business), and how the Voice of the Business supports customer satisfaction (Voice of the Customer). Employees have a huge impact on their organization’s financial results. When employees are empowered to make decisions they share information relating to the strategic processes and direction of that organization. When it comes to carrying out the message and mission of the organization the voice of the employee is very crucial. Through empowerment, the employees are able to create an opportunity to show management how they will apply the company vision to their daily task. The voice of the business relates to information derived from financial data. This data can be used to indentify weakness in certain market areas and the status of the research and development process. In order to move the organization forward or closer to its overall objectives, analyst must understand the relevance of the balanced scorecard process. The voice of the customer indentifies the needs of the customer which are keys to the strategy to defining which processes can be viewed as value added products or services. The customers are a continuous source of feedback both good and bad. Customer feedback can also provide new opportunities to identify and develop new products. Kaplan and Norton advocated a well-connected map ping that leads from an organization’s main strategy to the four perspectives of the balanced scorecard: Financial, Customer Satisfaction, Internal Process, and Learning and Growth. Each element works to support the strategic objectives in a linked process. Customer satisfaction leads to the desired financial outcome, which in the case of the Postal Service is sufficient revenue to support the universal delivery service mission (Evans, Lindsay, 2011). While Figure 8. 14 shows only representative measures associated with the balanced scorecard, suggest some other measures that might be included using your knowledge of postal operations. Based on my personal experience and knowledge of the United States Postal Service, I would suggest that the organization add some additional measures to it balanced scorecard. The organization should measure customer complaints relating to package handling and damaged goods. Damaged packages generally lead to claims brought forward by customers which is certainly a value associated with it that should be tracked and measured. The organization should also measure and analyze the effects of the employee turnover rate. Employee replacement cost can have a huge affect on the financial element. Cost associated with the orientation and training of a new employee as well as the cost associated with employee separation can have an effect on the bottom-line. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a Balanced Scorecard Some organizations have a difficult time establishing a process that can translate its strategic vision into concrete goals and actions. There are clearly some beneficial advantages to applying the balanced scorecard approach. Some of these benefits include gaining a cross organizational team that will open channels of communications. The company will have enthusiastic people who are focused on carrying out the organization’s mission and commitment to quality. Also, the company will gain a unique competitive advantage relating to reduce time frames, improved decisions and better solutions. Most importantly, initiatives are continually measured and evaluated against industry standards. There can be some disadvantages as well. The balanced scorecard takes a lot of planning and forethought. Defining clearly stated objectives and setting goals are crucial to the process. There can be resistance from employees or even management. Some individuals may see the implementation as a threat or indication of a lack of performance on their part. While the balanced scorecard gives an extensive overview of the organization’s performance, it does not give recommendations regarding how to resolve discovered problem performance areas. Conclusion The case study involving the United States Postal Service presents evidence that the balanced scorecard approach can have a positive effect on an organizations overall performance. If integrated successfully, the balance scorecard will be a tool that ensures clarity and consistency across all departments or individuals involved. Solving quality management issues rely on the right approach and planning. Understanding the importance of the linkage among all four of the balanced scorecard is crucial to its success. Special attention should be given to the proper implementation and cultivation of intangible assets relating to learning and growth. The USPS has improved its service and has increased customer satisfaction. First-class mail performance has improved to over 95 percent of overnight mail being delivered on time, with improvements in other categories of first-class mail (Evans, Lindsay, 2011).

Surviving with Eight Dollars Essays

Surviving with Eight Dollars Essays Surviving with Eight Dollars Essay Surviving with Eight Dollars Essay Dollars With eight dollars, I can get a great breakfast and lunch deal from a local fast food, and possibly even fit in an after-lunch snack, if I limit my spending. Eight dollars an hour is an agreeable minimum wage and should not be increased in California. In most states, living off of eight dollars an hour is horrible because the economy is down right now and prices for everything else are rising. But in the state of California, many make their way around Just fine. Eight dollars an hour, working forty hours a week, thats almost your monthly rent and groceries! You dont need the fanciest furniture or the coolest technology around. If people learn to save their extra cash, living off of Californians minimum wage is Just about enough. California may be the state where dreams come true but in most cities throughout California, dreams are able to come true without the government increasing minimum wage. For example, if the minimum wage is increased then the government will need to mint more money and the effect of minting more money is inflation. In response to this, the value of the American dollar will decrease and cause ore harm to the already-beaten economy. Instead of raising the minimum wage higher, what companies really should do is create more Jobs. Everyone knows that top-notch Jobs need top-notch workers whom of course receive top-notch pay. But if their pay increases, then the amount of experience needed for these Jobs will also increase since it is a high-paying Job. Most applying for these Jobs will get rejected because before, they had enough experience to work minimum wage in these companies, but with the wage and experience necessary increasing, the chances of ending a minimum wage Job will decrease. This results in the unemployment rate in California to once again arise, creating more trouble for those residing in this state. Californians main goal right now should be to create more available Jobs for the unemployed and the easiest way to do that is to keep the minimum wage as is. For example, two economic professors from Princeton, David Card and Alan Krueger, made a study called The Princeton Study. They studied the relations between the minimum wage and the unemployment rate in certain states in the United States. In cost of their studies they, found that the entire net effect of an increase in minimum wage results in a slight decrease in employment. This shows that if the minimum wage is increased, that it will lead to an even higher unemployment rate and that is exactly what we do not want for California, or the United States in general. We want the minimum wage to stay what it is right now so the unemployment rate can increase. The professors proved that, according to the Princeton Study, employment actually expanded in New Jersey relative to Pennsylvania, where the minimum wage was constant. This shows that we have two choices: to decrease the minimum wage or to Just leave it alone. This also proves that increasing the minimum wage should not even be an option because the economy will worsen. This choice may take a while, but it will all be worth it in the long run. California seems to be one of those states where the minimum wage has been an arising issue for a number of years. For example, in California, the minimum wage welfare. Dry. Peter Brandon of the Institute for Research on Poverty studied how raising the minimum wage affect the transition from welfare to work. He found that casing it keeps welfare mothers on welfare longer. Mothers on welfare in states that raised their minimum wage remained on welfare 44 percent longer than mothers on welfare in states where it was not raised. This shows that a higher minimum wage is making life more difficult for the people living in poverty. It would not be fair to increase the minimum wage Just to circulate more money within the country and make millions of people suffer when they really do not have to. We should Just keep the current minimum wage in California at eight dollars an hour and see the economy flourish in the long run.

Guarantee of Republican for of Government

Guarantee of Republican for of Government The Constitution places several obligations on the National Government for the benefit of the States. Most of them are to be found in Article Four. The Constitution requires the National Government to guarantee to every State in the Union a republican form of government (Article four). The Constitution does not define republican form of government, and the Supreme Court has regularly refused to do so. The term generally understood to mean a representative government, however. The Supreme Court has held that the question of whether or not a States has republican form of government is political question(www.TheAmericanGovernment.com). That is, it is one to be decided by the political branches of the government- the President and Congress- and not by the courts. The leading case here is Luther v Borden, 1849. It grew out of Dorrs Rebellion, a revolt led by Thomas W. Dorr against the State of Rhode Island in 1841-1842. Dorr and his followers had written and proclaimed a new constitution for the State. When they tried to put the new document into operation, however, the governor in office under the original constitution declared martial law- temporary rule by military authorities. The governor also called on the Federal Government for help. President John Tyler then took steps to put down the revolt, and it quickly collapsed. The question of which of the competing governments was the legitimate one was a major issue in Luther v Borden. But, again, the Supreme Court refused to decide the matter(Fox 32). The only extensive use ever made of the republican-form guarantee came in the years immediately following the Civil War. Congress declared that several southern States did not have governments of a republican form(Pollard). It refused to admit Senators and Representatives from those States until the States had ratified...

System analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

System analysis - Essay Example 2-Identify 6 business processes and explain primary responsibility for each process. Describe what data is required and what information is generated by each process. Maybe helpful to do this as a Word table with column headings for business process, person responsible, and data. For this system, the main recommendation relies on the best way of increasing its reliability and availability. In order to increase reliability, the company should adopt security for the system to ensure all the processes are secure and efficient (Shelly et al, p.10). Further, security also proves important since it gives assurance on the availability; hence, the proactivity of the whole system in the numerous transactions taking place. Since the support system is responsible for the proper coordination of business activities, the business should adopt accountability and accuracy. The two are important to ensure that all the required resources are channeled appropriately to all the departments. The company needs to put in place expertise who are responsible for updating the system with any significant information. The ERP system stores large business information regarding all the five organization’s activities. The information stored is used to keep track of business operations in relations to the trends in the market (Shelly et al, p.10). Intuitively, for the company to get quality results it will need to update the system with any relevance change witnessed over a trading

Ethics and HealthSouth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Ethics and HealthSouth - Essay Example The case of HealthSouth Corporation is one of those cases where the owner along with others killed the image and essence of the business for earning extra wealth and recognition in the business and social environment. Richard Marin Scrushy is the founder of HealthSouth Corporation; a global health care organization located in Birmingham, Alabama (Bartlett, Donald, 2005). The organization is the largest owner and operator of inpatient rehabilitative hospitals in the nation with great reach in more than 26 states in the country. By the beginning of 2000s, the organization was performing well in the competitive business environment and even recorded $4.5 billion in the year 2003. This made HealthSouth Corporation as one of the most successful health care organizations in the United States. The dawn of 2002 marked the presence of slow down and many expected HealthSouth Corporation to move at a slow pace. However, the organization kept performing at a steady pace that amazed the industry analysts. An investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation revealed that Richard Marin Scrushy has been charged for the accounting scandal for falsely exaggerating the company’s earning along with playing with the emotions of shareholders by keeping them in dark. The Security and Exchange Commission of the US charged Scrushy with 36 of the original 85 counts and was acquitted of all charges in 2005. However, cases were filed against him that proved him guilty on charges of manipulation of earnings and accounting fraud affecting the decisions of shareholders. The discussion aims at highlighting the key issues associated with the accounting fraud along with analysing key ethical issues involved in an analytical manner. An Overview of the... From this research it is clear that the accounting fraud surfaced in the year 2002 when Scrushy was accused of selling $75 million of stocks before posting a huge loss that raised a number of questions on the accounting activities of the company. The Security and Exchange Commission of the United States later accused Scrushy for an accounting fraud pertaining to inflation of company’s earnings by $1.4 billion. This was considered as an attempted fraud for misleading the shareholders along with window dressing the financial statements for meeting shareholder’s expectations. The Security and Exchange Commission of the United States stated that Scrushy instructed his top officials and accountants to falsify financial statements in order to stand tall in front of the investor’s expectations. The prices of the share were controlled in an illegal and unethical manner that later proved fatal for the organization and other top officials along with the owner Scrushy. In t he early 2000s, the company’s earnings were inflated by more than 4000% that represented 10% of the total assets of the organization. The organization hired an outside law firm to analyze the stock sale tale of Scrushy but later found that it has nothing to do with the manipulation in the financial statements. In 2003, the Federal Bureau of Investigation executed search warrants and accused Scrushy for more than 80 charges and he was acquitted on 36 charges against him. The ethical and legal stances of the owner and the organization were questioned by the shareholders and stakeholders that went unanswered till 2009.

Summary of marketing article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of marketing article - Essay Example Of these experts, Converse was one of the only to emphasize on customers which has now become the core of the concept of marketing mix. The author has provided a clear timeline which outlines the various authors and their contributions to the concept since 1911 until 1960. The author has provided a clear and concise explanation of the various inputs from several authors in a clear manner. The author further moves on to discuss the ‘blossoming of the marketing mix’, where he has pointed out how Culliton (1948) suggested the name for the concept. He moves on to provide an explanation of how the name developed and how the 1950s saw a growth in terms of the concept and the related theories. Again the author has provided in a very effective and efficient manner the contribution of several authors over the years and how the marketing mix concept grew and formed shape. The author also highlights how the 4Ps of marketing had been introduced and developed in 1960. Furthermore, the author has moved on to discuss an essential aspect of the concept where the future considerations for the marketing mix have been made. Here the author considers and discusses the contributions of Park, MacInnis and Silverman and their suggestions of the 4Ps configuration. The concept came into being based on the several economic theories that were present in the earlier years. However there have been questions about the purpose of the 4Ps and the overall usefulness in terms of stimulating demand. The author has touched upon some important aspects of the current day thought of the field of marketing and has brought out some relevantly new thoughts where the marketing has been recognized to be the organizational culture and philosophy. The author has also brought out essential points which highlight the need for a fresher view on the concept which can be seen in the light of some practical decision making processes of the current