Co-workers spending too much time on personal devices or social Research Paper

Co-workers spending too much time on personal devices or social networks, leading to distractions in the office - Research Paper Example This paper includes a discussion on some of the ways these devices and social networking websites lead to distractions in offices. The paper also includes a discussion on the ways the use of these devices and social networks can be limited in offices. Introduction In today's faced paced world, the use of technology has become a need for every individual from any field of life. Students, businesspersons, and employees all make use of different types of technologies to carry out their personal and professional activities. However, sometimes use of these technologies at places where they should not be used leads to problems. For example, use of mobile phones and other personal devices at work lead to distractions in offices when people use these devices for personal matters instead of focusing on work and assigned job responsibilities. It has become a critical need for managers and employers to develop and implement such policies at workplaces, which should be able to bring down the use of personal devices at offices. Let us discuss some of the ways personal devices and social networks used by colleagues lead to distractions in offices. Impact of Personal Devices The impact of the use of personal devices, such as, mobile phones, laptops, and disc players in offices is never positive on the efficiency level of employees. The reason is that the use of such devices at workplaces deviate the attention and focus of colleagues away from their job responsibilities, which not only results in decreasing their efficiency level but also shifts down the company’s level of productivity. Companies are at risk of losing millions of dollars each year through decreased level of employee productivity caused by digital distractions (Anderson 1). Some colleagues make personal calls while sitting in their offices because of which they cannot perform their required official tasks within time. For example, if a customer representative officer starts making a long personal call wh ile sitting in office, he/she will not be in the position to focus properly towards the incoming official calls in that time. The result in such cases is late delivery of work to managers or customers. Similarly, some colleagues use laptops in offices for purposes other than the official ones. The result is again delayed completion of assigned tasks. Moreover, some colleagues like to hear songs at workplace using headphones. This also results in distracting their attention away from work. The use of personal devices at work can also lead to severe accidents at the workplace. A number of cases have occurred in the last few years where a minor distraction from official task because of cell phone or other personal devices have resulted in severe workplace accidents. For example, an incident occurred in California in 2007 where an employee responsible for operating the sugarcane-chopping machine in a mill cut his left hand because he put his hand within the choppers unintentionally bein g busy in a personal call while operating the machine. This is just a single case out of many where little distractions have caused major injuries to employees. Such cases speak strongly in favor of putting a complete ban on the use of personal devices at the workplace. Impact of Social Networks The impact of using social networking websites, such as, Facebook or Twitter in offices is also not positive on the efficiency and attention of

Business Improvement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Improvement - Essay Example The nature of supply chain may vary across industries and products. The supply chain network is highly engineered as it exploits economies of scale, JIT, outsourcing, strategic inventory. With the use of advanced technology in supply chain, this paper will discuss how â€Å"the quality of a firms supply chain performance can mean the difference between business prosperity and failure† (Gattorna, 1998). Logistics is a practice to determine how to move people and materials most efficient between the source and the destination. Chain is used to describe the various companies connected loosely, connected for the most efficient economical delivery of a product (Aghazadeh, 2004). Information about products and services can easily be linked which facilitates the supply chain management. Chalasani & Sounderpandian (2004) describe supply chain as a network of collaborating partners who collectively engage in activities such as procurement and transformation of materials into products, and distribution of products to customers. The figure below describes the collaboration between the suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and the customer in a supply chain management system (SCM). Kaufman describes supply chain management as to †¦ â€Å"remove communication barriers and eliminate redundancies through coordinating, monitoring and controlling processes† (Kaufman cited by Power, 2005). Zeng et al cite Lee (Table 1), who points out that supply chain integration constitutes the following three dimensions: information integration, coordination, and organizational linkage. The supply chain concept originated in the textile industry with the quick response program and then to efficient consumer response in the grocery industry. In the 1990s as competition increased, companies became specialized, they started searching for suppliers who could provide low cost quality

The Travel Expense Billing Controversy Essay Example for Free

The Travel Expense Billing Controversy Essay Neal A. Roberts, an employee of PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) found out that his employer was earning millions of dollars a year by way of a billing method that he thought was doubtful. PwC had been collecting large rebates on airline tickets and other travel expenses being charged as expenses to clients of the firm. These rebates were not being returned to the firm’s clients in the form of savings, but the firm was keeping these rebates for it. This was working, because the firm would bill the clients for the full price of airline tickets and other travel-related expense, but privately, the firm negotiated discounts and rebates that they then got at the end of the year based upon total amounts spent. The clients did not know anything of the back-end discounts and rebates the firm was getting; therefore, they were being charged more than the firm’s true out-of-pocket expenses for the items. In October 2001, the firm finally stopped taking airline rebates completely. The company started structuring all discounts as front-end price reductions that would be passed on to the clients. In the professional environment, there are two main areas in which ethical behavior is required. The first point concerns the behavior of the employee at work, in dealing with colleagues, with supervisors and subordinates and also with customers, the second point concerns the behavior of the company itself against its customers, its employees and all others who may are concerned from company. Also you have to distinguish between descriptive and normative ethics. Descriptive ethics is concerned with describing, characterizing, and studying the morality of a people, an organization, a culture, or a society. [†¦] It focuses on â€Å"what is† the prevailing set of ethical standards in the business community, specific organizations, or on the part of specific managers. [†¦] Normative ethics is concerned with supplying and justifying a coherent moral system of thinking and judging. [†¦] It deals more with â€Å"what ought to be† or â€Å"what ought not to be† in terms of business practices. Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008:242,243) So it’s rather impossible for a large company such as PwC to adhere to all these ethical values. These values can be quickly lost in the general public, because everywhere, they are trying to make money and advance the business, whether this ethical behavior is observed or ignored. Neal A. Roberts was constantly trying to uncover the corrupt business of the company, because he has a higher ethical consciousness and does not want PwC to get away with its wrong behavior. Identify the ethical issues in this case. There are three ethical issues in this case. Firstly the cheating on customers out of discounts. The firm PwC earns millions of dollars on rebates, which are not being returned to the clients in form of savings, but rather, the firm was keeping these rebates for themselves. The second ethical issue is that PwC is giving false information to the firm’s clients, by telling them a wrong amount for the airline tickets and other travel expenses. The last ethical issue is the cover-up of the firm’s corrupt activity. The company PwC does not tell their clients and their employees about the firm’s illegal behavior. All these ethical issues belong to the organizational level (or firm level). â€Å"[†¦] These issues may carry consequences for the company’s reputation and success in the community and also for the kind of ethical environment or culture that will prevail on a day-to-day basis at the office. In addition, how the issue is handled may have serious organizational consequences† (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008:289,290). [A] survey conducted by the Ethics Resource Center reveal what managers and employees are up against. † There you can see, that 19 percent of the asked employees mentioned â€Å"lying to employees, customers, vendors, or the public† (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008:290) is one of the most â€Å"questionable practices that employees today face in their work lives† (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008:291). Who are the stakeholders and what are their stake s? The Stakeholders in case 14 are the customers, the federal government, the company PwC, the partners in business and the employees. The customer’s stakes are to get the right service for the money they paid, to get good quality and to be treated honest and fair. But in this case the customers are not getting the rebates that they should be rewarded. Furthermore the stakes of the federal government are that the company PwC can pay the taxes and acts legally and ethically. However, the federal government was not only lied to about speculations and regulations, but they were also lied to as the customers themselves. Moreover the stakes of PwC are that they can keep on the market with the other companies, that their employees are motivated nd make a good work, that their company is creditworthy, so in other words liquidity is given, that they have many customers and good conditions for suppliers. The stakes of the partners in business are that they want to know how the competitive company PwC is in the market and how big their market shares are. But the other businesses are getting tarnished. At last the emplo yee’s stakes are to work in a nice working atmosphere, to get fair wages and also to be treated honest and fair. What is your appraisal of the ethics of the travel expense billing practices described in the case? What are the ethical arguments for and against them? My appraisal of the ethics of the travel expense billing practices described in the case is what the company PwC did is wrong, because it is not right and fair. They violate consumer rights, employee rights and shareholder rights by offending against the main ethical principles, such as the â€Å"Respect for Persons†, the â€Å"Principle of Beneficence† and the â€Å"Principle of Justice†. In this connection ‘Respect for Persons’ means that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents and that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. Further the ‘Principle of Beneficence’ indicates that â€Å"persons are treated in an ethical manner not only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure their well-being. [†¦ ]Two general rules have been formulated as complementary expressions of beneficent actions in this sense: (1) do not harm and (2) maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms. As with all hard cases, the different claims covered by the principle of beneficence may come into conflict and force difficult choices. † Moreover the ‘Principle of Justice’ says that â€Å"[†¦] equals ought to be treated equally. † (http://www. stmarys-ca. edu/institutional-review-board/basic-ethical-principles) The company’s behavior meets the basic level of the CSR pyramid, which says â€Å"be profitable†, but on the other side it goes against legal, ethical and philantropical responsibilities. [†¦] In most decisionmaking situations, ethics, economics, and law become the central expectations that must be considered and balanced against each other in the quest to make wise decisions† (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008:249), but in this case, the company does not obey this rule. PwC only refers to the ethical basis â€Å"be profitable† and ignores the other responsibilities, which makes the whole behavior of the firm illegal and not ethical.

Practical Applications Of Transformer

Practical Applications Of Transformer Abstract- Generating power is possible in few stations. The power is generated then has to transmit to the various parts of the country. Large power should be transmitted on very high voltage to reduce the amount of copper material and increase the transmission efficiency. Hence the energy generated is transformed twice, thrice, or even four times before utilized. Such transformation of ac from one voltage to another is done by transformer. DISCOVERY The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831. The relationship between electromotive force or voltage and magnetic flux was formalized in an equation now referred to as Faradays law of induction. This law states that whenever there is a relative motion between the coil and magnet emf is induced in the coil. The induced emf lasts so long as magnetic flux linked with the coil changed. The induced emf is directly proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil. Where, ÃŽÂ ¦B is the magnetic flux through the circuit. Fig.1: Faradays experiment with induction between coils of wire TRANSFORMER A electric current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. Fig.2: Structure of Transformer PRINCIPLE The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can produce a induced magnetic field by varying with time and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil. Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil. The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faradays law of induction, which states that: Where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil and ÃŽÂ ¦ equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic flux density B and the area A through which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary. Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals. Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for stepping up or stepping down the voltage. CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER Steps are: Coil Winding Core Assembly Core-Coil Assembly Tank-up Transformer Tank Painting and Finishing Fig. 3: Transformer showing each part 1. CONSERVATOR: a) Check the oil level in the conservator. If the level is low than the optimum mark indicated on the oil level gauge, it should be topped with proper grade of transformer oil having suitable breakdown voltage value. b) The tightness of the cap/plug of the oil filler pipe, drain plug or drain valve should be checked. The oil level gauge of the conservator should always be kept clean so that the oil level is visible from a short distance. Fig.4: Conservator 2. BUCHHOLZ RELAY: a) the observation glasses should show that the buchholz relay is properly filled with oil. If necessary, bleeding can be done from the two cocks. The drain plug should be tight and no leaking should be there. b) The cover on the connection chamber should be opened to observe whether connections are properly tight. 3. SHUT OFF VALVE: This should always be in fully open position while the transformer is being energized. 4. BREATHER: a) The plug at the end of the breather pipe is to be removed and breather fitted on to the pipe along with the fly nut. b) It is necessary before fitting the breather to observe the color of the silica gel. If necessary, the breather should be opened and the silica gel properly dried up so that its color is perfectly bluish. c) The chamber at the bottom of the breather should be filled in with dry transformer oil up to the level marked. Fig.5: Showing Tank in oil 5. DIAL TYPE THERMOMETER: If it is provided with alarm and trip contacts, these should be set to proper temperature before energizing the transformer. For guidance purposes, it may be mentioned here that a transformer having temperature rise of 45/55 °C, the trip contact should be set at ambient temperature plus 45 °C and the alarm contact will be 5 ° 10 ° prior to this. 6. WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: This will be set in the same way as the dial type thermometer excepting that the trip contact should be set at ambient temperature plus 55 °C. 7. MARSHALLING BOX: The windows of the marshalling box should always be kept clean so that the readings of the oil temperature indicator and winding temperature indicator can be easily read from outside. Some dehydrating agent may be kept inside the marshalling box so that the box is kept always in dry condition. Do not keep the Dorr of marshalling box open. It must be locked. 8. EXPLOSION VENT: a) In case an equalizer pipe connection is provided, the valve in the pipe should be kept in open position before the transformer is energized. b) If the explosion vent is provided with an air release device, this should be opened once to release any pressure generated inside and then it should be closed. c) The diaphragm of the vent should be intact. 9. BUSHINGS: To prevent sparking bushings are used when wires at low voltage and transformers wire at high voltage are connected. Fig.6: Showing Bushings 10. COOLANT: Fig.7:Coolant High temperatures will damage the winding insulation. Small transformers do not generate significant heat and are cooled by air circulation and radiation of heat. Power transformers rated up to several hundred kVA can be adequately cooled by natural convective air-cooling, sometimes assisted by fans. In larger transformers, part of the design problem is removal of heat. Some power transformers are immersed in transformer oil that both cools and insulates the windings. The oil is a highly refined mineral oil that remains stable at transformer operating temperature. Indoor liquid-filled transformers must use a non-flammable liquid, or must be located in fire resistant rooms. Air-cooled dry transformers are preferred for indoor applications even at capacity ratings where oil-cooled construction would be more economical, because their cost is offset by the reduced building construction cost. TYPES OF TRANSFORMER 1. ON THE BASIS OF TRANSFORMATON RATIO: A) Step-up transformers A step-up transformer allows a device that requires a high voltage power supply to operate from a lower voltage source. The transformer takes in the low voltage at a high current and puts out the high voltage at a low current. Transformers only work with alternating current. Using direct current will create a magnetic field in the core but it will not be a changing magnetic field and so no voltage will be induced in the secondary coil. Using a step up transformer to increase the voltage does not give you something for nothing. As the voltage goes up, the current goes down by the same proportion. The power equation shows that the overall power remains the same. P=V x I Power = Voltage x Current Fig.8: Step up Transformer Electricity is first produced at the power plants. Electricity is then sent to step-up transformers where low-voltage electricity is changed to high voltage to facilitate the transfer of power from the power plant to the customer. Voltage must be increased so that the electric current has the push it needs to efficiently travel long distances. From the step-up transformer, transmission lines carry the high voltage electric current long distances through thick wires mounted on tall towers that keep the transmission lines high above the ground. Insulators made of porcelain or polymers are used to prevent the electricity from leaving the transmission lines. B) Step-down transformers A step-down transformer allows a device that requires a low voltage power supply to operate from a higher voltage. The transformer takes in the high voltage at a low current and puts out a low voltage at a high current. A step down transformer has less turns of wire on the secondary coil, which makes a smaller induced voltage in the secondary coil. It is called a step down transformer because the voltage output is smaller than the voltage input. If the secondary coil has half as many turns of wire then the output voltage will be half the input voltage. Decreasing the voltage does not decrease the power. As the voltage goes down, the current goes up. Fig.9: Step Down Transformer 2. ON THE BASES OF WINDINGS: A) Core type transformer: Fig.10: Core Transformer B) Shell type transformer: Fig.11: Shell type transformer 3. ON THE BASES OF SERVICE: A) Power transformer: Power transformers are used in transmission network for voltage ratings of (440kv, 220kv, 110kv, 66Kv) and are generally rated above 200MVA. Power transformer generally operated at full load. Hence, it is designed such that copper losses are minimum. B) Distribution Transformers: Distribution Transformers are used in (33 kV, 11kv, 6.6 kV) voltage levels in Distribution network and are generally rated less than 200 MVA. A distribution transformer is always online and operated at loads less than full load for most of time. Hence, it is designed such that core losses are minimum. IDEALTRANSFORMER The idealizations are as follows: 1. Magnetic circuit is linear and has infinite permeability. The consequence is that a vanishingly small current is enough to establish the given flux. Hysteresis loss is negligible. As all the flux generated confines itself to the iron, there is no leakage flux. 2. Windings do not have resistance. This means that there are no copper losses, nor there is any ohmic drop in the electric circuit. LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would be 100% efficient. In practical transformers energy is dissipated in the windings, core, and surrounding structures. Larger transformers are generally more efficient, and those rated for electricity distribution usually perform better than 98%. All transformers have copper and core losses. 1. Copper loss: Copper loss is power lost in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer due to the ohmic resistance of the windings. Copper loss, in watts. Copper Loss I2P RP+ I2S RS Where IP = primary current IS = secondary current RP = primary winding resistance RS = secondary winding resistance 2. Core loss: A) Hysteresis losses Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost due to hysteresis within the core. For a given core material, the loss is proportional to the frequency, and is a function of the peak flux density to which it is subjected. B) Eddy currents Ferromagnetic materials are also good conductors, and a solid core made from such a material also constitutes a single short-circuited turn throughout its entire length. Eddy currents therefore circulate within the core in a plane normal to the flux, and are responsible for resistive heating of the core material. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the square of supply frequency and inverse square of the material thickness. Mechanical losses In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating electromagnetic forces between the primary and secondary windings. These incite vibrations within nearby metalwork, adding to the buzzing noise, and consuming a small amount of power. Stray losses Leakage inductance is by itself largely lossless, since energy supplied to its magnetic fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the transformers support structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted to heat. There are also radiative losses due to the oscillating magnetic field, but these are usually small. EFFECIENCY WHAT CAUSE LOSSES 1. Due to the large value for the permeance ( ÃŽÂ ¼r of the order of 1000 as compared to air) the magnetizing current requirement decreases dramatically. This can also be visualized as a dramatic increase in the flux produced for a given value of magnetizing current. 2. The magnetic medium is linear for low values of induction and exhibits saturation type of non-linearity at higher flux densities. 3. The iron also has hysteresis type of non-linearity due to which certain amount of power is lost in the iron (in the form of hysteresis loss), as the B-H characteristic is traversed. 4. Most of the flux lines are confined to iron path and hence the mutual flux is increased very much and leakage flux is greatly reduced. 5. The flux can be easily directed as it takes the path through steel which gives great freedom for the designer in physical arrangement of the excitation and output windings. 6. As the medium is made of a conducting material eddy currents are induced in the same and produce losses. These are called eddy current losses. To minimize the eddy current losses the steel core is required to be in the form of a stack of insulated laminations. APPLICATION OF TRANSFORMER 1. Instrument transformers Instrument transformers comprise a large category of current and potential transformers for various voltage, frequency and physical size ranges. We have broken them up into several different groupings: low voltage, which are system voltages under 15kV; high frequency, operating frequency over 1kHz; and size ranges from board mount parts up to current transformers with window sizes of 254mm by 610mm. Read through the different types we supply below and use our Instrument Fig. 12: Instrument transformer 2. Potential Transformers: Used primarily in a step down environment to monitor voltage. They are designed for connection line-to-line or line-to-neutral in the same manner as ordinary voltmeters. The secondary voltage bears a fixed relation with the primary voltage so that any change in potential in the primary circuit will be accurately reflected in the meters or other devices connected across the secondary terminals. Potential transformers can be used with voltmeters for voltage measurements or they can be used in combination with current transformers for watt-meter or watthour meter measurements. They are used also to operate protective relays and devices, and for many other applications, Since they are used in a monitoring capacity, they generally require much greater accuracy in design. Fig. 13: Potential transformer 3. Metering Toroidal Current Transformers: Traditional, window type current transformers for measuring 50-400HZ currents of 5A to 15000A with secondaries of 0.1A, 1A and 5A (special secondary currents are available). Burden: B 0.1 through 1.8 (2.5VA to 50 VA) with Accuracy class: 0.2 to class 5.0 as per IEC 185 or class 0.3, 0.6 or 1.2 as per ANSI C 57.13. Inside diameters of up to 8.00. Many models are available as U.L. recognized devices. Applications include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ UPS systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transfer switches à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motor-generator sets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Commercial sub-metering, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 3 CT s in one package for 3-phase metering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Accurate measuring for metering/WATT/VAR à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Current sensing, recording, monitoring control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Control panels and drives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Standard CT used as measuring standard for comparison à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Winding temperature indicator (WTI) for power transformers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Summation current transformers. Fig.14: . Metering Toroidal Current Transformers Large Frame Current Transformers For measuring 50-400HZ currents in bus bar and other large conductor systems. Typical configuration is 400A to 12000A primary current with secondary of 1A or 5A Inside areas as small as 3.00 X 7.00 and as large as 7.00 X 27.00 and 10.00 X 24.00. All models are available with optional mounting plates for bulk-head mounting. Some models are U.L. recognized devices. 4. Split-Core Current Transformers This type of current transformer is available to measure AC currents from 100A to 600A, at 50 to 400HZ. They are very popular in sub-metering applications where existing systems are being upgraded and it is impractical to isolate the primary conductor. It is even possible to install this type of transformer while the conductor is energized, however it is paramount that certain safety precautions be followed under such conditions. Rectangular in shape, standard split-core models are available with window dimensions up to 4.00 X 7.50. Even larger, custom designed sizes are available by special order. Secondary ratings of 5A, 1A, and 100ma are all common in split-core current transformers. Two model groups are available, SP and SPS. The former is provided with a stainless steel screw-clamp band securing the two core halves; the latter has a UV resistant nylon band. All ratios are available in either type. Electrical and magnetic performance is identical for the two groups. Fig.15: Split-Core Current Transformers 5. Miniature Current Transformers These are constructed using one of the following methods: Plastic casing, Resin casted, Resin dipped, Tape insulated,. Typical turns ratio: 4000 : 1 to 500 : 1 and Accuracy: Class 0.1 to Class Applications include: Fig.15: Split-Core Current Transformers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Energy meters for accurate current measurement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Current control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Current signature of motors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Load sensing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ground fault sensing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monitoring of process parameters à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ AC level to logic conversation bar graph à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As a transducer in instrumentation 6. Relay Class Protection Current Transformers This type of CT includes oil-immersed bussing and Resin molded versions. Primary current range from 5 Amp to 5000 Amp with secondary current 5A, 1A , or 01.A. Typical Burden B 0.1 through B 4.0 (2.5VA to 50 VA more) and Accuracy Class As per ANSI C 57.13 and IEC 185. Applications include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Protection relays/Relay panels à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Earth fault protection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bussing type, oil-immersed CT in power transformer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Control panes and switch boards à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Air/Gas circuit breakers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motor control cubicles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Power control centers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bus bar protection systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Differential protection systems Fig.16: Relay Class Protection Current Transformers 7. Medium voltage Instrument Transformers These are used with a system voltage 3.3kV to 25kV and BIL 4.5 to 125 full wave crest kV. They are reliably constructed using vacuum cast with epoxy resin/polyurethane resin and are able to withstand heavy fault conditions but are not made for exposure to sunlight.. Single CTs can be built with multiple cores; for example one for measuring and another for relaying are possible. Also multitap secondaries can be provided (up to 4). Typical primary current 5 Amp to 3000 Amp and secondary current 5A/1A/01.A. Applications include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Metering and Relaying à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Energy meter panels à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Medium voltage switch gears and control panels à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Medium voltage circuit breakers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motor Control Panels Fig.17: Medium voltage Instrument Transformers 8. PC mount 50 to 400Hz Current Transformers These offer a small footprint for the design engineer looking to sensor current on board. They can also be used for Metering Class (Burden from B O.1 to B 1.8 with accuracy class from 0.3 to 2.4 as per customer requirement. (As per ANSI C 57.13 and IEC 185) and for Relay Class Burden from B 1.0 to B 4.0 and relay voltage class from C 10 to C 400 or T200 as per customer requirement. (As per ANSI C 57.13 and IEC 185) Secondary current range from 0.1 to 5 amp. Typical constructions are plastic casing or resin molded. Applications include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sensing current overload à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ground fault detection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Metering PC mount 2OkHz to 2OOkHz Current Transformers These are used for measuring high frequency primary currents up to 15 Amps with primary to secondary isolated to 2500 VAC and have optimum performance over designated current and frequency ranges. Applications include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Isolated current feed-back signal in switch mode power supplies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motor current load/overload à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lighting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Switch controls à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ultra-sound current à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High resolution sonar current à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Isolated bi-directional current sensor with full wave bridge Fig.18: PC mount 50 to 400Hz Current Transformers 9. Air core transformers : Another kind of special transformer, seen often in radio-frequency circuits, is the air core transformer. (Figure below) True to its name, an air core transformer has its windings wrapped around a nonmagnetic form, usually a hollow tube of some material. The degree of coupling (mutual inductance) between windings in such a transformer is many times less than that of an equivalent iron-core transformer, but the undesirable characteristics of a ferromagnetic core (eddy current losses, hysteresis, saturation, etc.) are completely eliminated. It is in high-frequency applications that these effects of iron cores are most problematic. Fig.19: Air core transformers Air core transformers may be wound on cylindrical (a) or toroidal (b) forms. Center tapped primary with secondary (a). Bifilar winding on toroidal form (b). The inside tapped solenoid winding, (Figure (a) above), without the over winding, could match unequal impedances when DC isolation is not required. When isolation is required the over winding is added over one end of the main winding. Air core transformers are used at radio frequencies when iron core losses are too high. Frequently air core transformers are paralleled with a capacitor to tune it to resonance. The over winding is connected between a radio antenna and ground for one such application. The secondary is tuned to resonance with a variable capacitor. The output may be taken from the tap point for amplification or detection. Small millimeter size air core transformers are used in radio receivers. The largest radio transmitters may use meter sized coils. Unshielded air core solenoid transformers are mounted at right angle s to each other to prevent stray coupling. Stray coupling is minimized when the transformer is wound on a toroid form. (Figure (b) above) Toroidal air core transformers also show a higher degree of coupling, particularly for bifilar windings. Bifilar windings are wound from a slightly twisted pair of wires. This implies a 1:1 turns ratio. Three or four wires may be grouped for 1:2 and other integral ratios. Windings do not have to be bifilar. This allows arbitrary turns ratios. However, the degree of coupling suffers. Toroidal air core transformers are rare except for VHF (Very High Frequency) work. Core materials other than air such as powdered iron or ferrite are preferred for lower radio frequencies. 10. Tesla Coil: One notable example of an air-core transformer is the Tesla Coil, named after the Serbian electrical genius Nikola Tesla, who was also the inventor of the rotating magnetic field AC motor, polyphase AC power systems, and many elements of radio technology. The Tesla Coil is a resonant, high-frequency step-up transformer used to produce extremely high voltages. One of Teslas dreams was to employ his coil technology to distribute electric power without the need for wires, simply broadcasting it in the form of radio waves which could be received and conducted to loads by means of antennas. The basic schematic for a Tesla Coil is shown in Figure below. Fig.20: Tesla coil Tesla Coil: A few heavy primary turns, many secondary turns. The capacitor, in conjunction with the transformers primary winding, forms a tank circuit. The secondary winding is wound in close proximity to the primary, usually around the same nonmagnetic form. Several options exist for exciting the primary circuit, the simplest being a high-voltage, low-frequency AC source and spark gap: (Figure below) System level diagram of Tesla coil with spark gap drive. The purpose of the high-voltage, low-frequency AC power source is to charge the primary tank circuit. When the spark gap fires, its low impedance acts to complete the capacitor/primary coil tank circuit, allowing it to oscillate at its resonant frequency. The RFC inductors are Radio Frequency Chokes, which act as high impedances to prevent the AC source from interfering with the oscillating tank circuit. The secondary side of the Tesla coil transformer is also a tank circuit, relying on the parasitic (stray) capacitance existing between the discharge terminal and earth ground to complement the secondary windings inductance. For optimum operation, this secondary tank circuit is tuned to the same resonant frequency as the primary circuit, with energy exchanged not only between capacitors and inductors during resonant oscillation, but also back-and-forth between primary and secondary windings. Tesla Coils find application primaril y as novelty devices, showing up in high school science fairs, basement workshops, and the occasional low budget science-fiction movie. It should be noted that Tesla coils can be extremely dangerous devices. Burns caused by radio-frequency (RF) current, like all electrical burns, can be very deep, unlike skin burns caused by contact with hot objects or flames. Although the high-frequency discharge of a Tesla coil has the curious property of being beyond the shock perception frequency of the human nervous system, this does not mean Tesla coils cannot hurt or even kill you! I strongly advise seeking the assistance of an experienced Tesla coil experimenter if you would embark on building one yourself. 11. Linear Variable Differential Transformer: A linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) has an AC driven primary wound between two secondarys on a cylindrical air core form. A movable ferromagnetic slug converts displacement to a variable voltage by changing the coupling between the driven primary and secondary windings. The LVDT is a displacement or distance measuring transducer. Units are available for measuring displacement over a distance of a fraction of a millimeter to a half a meter. LVDTs are rugged and dirt resistant compared to linear optical encoders. Fig.21: LVDT The excitation voltage is in the range of 0.5 to 10 VAC at a frequency of 1 to 200 KHz. A ferrite core is suitable at these frequencies. It is extended outside the body by an non-magnetic rod. As the core is moved toward the top winding, the voltage across this coil increases due to increased coupling, while the voltage on the bottom coil decreases. If the core is moved toward the bottom winding, the voltage on this coil increases as the voltage decreases across the top coil. Theoretically, a centered slug yields equal voltages across both coils. In practice leakage inductance prevents the null from dropping all the way to 0 V. With a centered slug, the series-opposing wired secondarys cancel yielding V13 = 0. Moving the slug up increases V13. Note that it is in-phase with with V1, the top winding, and 180o out of phase with V3, bottom winding. Moving the slug down from the center position increases V13. However, it is 180o out of phase with with V1, the top winding, and in-phase wit h V3, bottom winding. Moving the slug from top to bottom shows a minimum at the center point, with an 180o phase reversal in passing the center. Acknowledgment

Essay --

Literature is our ancient form of a hard drive where we can read something from the past and connect with our present. The more we read, the more literate we become. Therefore, we have the opportunity to open our minds to more ideas and try to understand the way other human beings think. From the beginning of time human beings have developed methods to communicate with each other. Our ability to develop these methods have allowed us to pass our knowledge from one generation to another. This development has given us the opportunity to expand our knowledge to higher standards. Literate work is beneficial to all of us by allowing us to understand others way of thinking, the ability to analyze characters, learn about the authors experiences and stimulate our mind. Literature gives us an insight of what other people think, feel, know, understand and gives us a glimpse of their past to name a few. In â€Å"Fences† by August Wilson, we learn how African American people have struggled to have equality. Wilson is able paint a picture for us through his literary work. As we read this play, we can almost feel as if we are there with the characters. We are able to learn how they dealt with obstacles when segregation was still happening and what they did to overcome those obstacles. Without Wilson’s literary work, we would not be able to acquire the knowledge and understanding from the past. Literature allows us to be able to evaluate characters. We can analyze the character analytically and with an open mind. The more we are exposed literary works, the more we are able to omit the obvious in characters. We are able to create our own thoughts about them and use our critical thinking skills to connect with them on a more in depth level. A perfe... ...d dive into our imaginations allowing us to have a pleasant break from our everyday routine. Literature is often our sanity in a busy, hectic life. How about a good thriller or mystery? These works are exciting because we find ourselves playing detective and involved in situations we normally wouldn’t be immersed in. A good romance novel will keep that helpless romantic hopeful and full of joy believing in a life of love and happiness. It is important to expose children to literature. Their minds are vessels filling with information and expanding with knowledge every day. It’s important they read about history to learn where they came from. No matter how young our old we can all benefit from literature and even become kinder, smarter and happier beings. In short, Literature is an expression of individual thoughts and feelings achieved through our unique creativity.

Great Gatsby :: essays papers

Great Gatsby THE GREAT GATSBY In today’s society, many people like to follow the current. They want to catch the wave. Which means, it does not matter if things are good or bad, right or wrong, they just follow and do it without any thinking. Therefore, there are not too many people who are normal, thoughtful nor neutral. However, in the novel, The Great Gatsby, by Scott Fitzgerald, one of the characters name is Nick Carroway, he was the good and neutral narrator. It was because, in the novel, he analyzed all things with regard to accuracy of observation. In The Great Gatsby, when Mr. Gatsby told Nick he wanted to return the past over again with his lover- Daisy, Nick Carroway warned him to give it up, because it was impossible. Unfortunately, Mr. Gatsby did not believe it. So at the end, Mr. Gatsby's dream still had not came true because Daisy did not break up with Tom and go with him. It can be seen in the last chapter in the novel, when Gatsby was murdered, Daisy went someplace else with her husband, and did not go to Gatsby's funeral. I called up Daisy half and hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hesitation. But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them. Therefore, Nick Carroway's analysis was right by these clear observations. However, Nick was a good narrator, he sees everything happen and does not trust everybody easily. So when the townspeople gossip about the latest rumor, he does not believe it is true. After he proves it, only then will he accept the truth. Moreover, when Nick went to Gatsby's party, there was a drunken lady telling everyone Gatsby killed a man before. Also, there is another lady that claimed Gatsby was a German spy: It is more that he was a German spy during the war. Nick heard it, but when he had a chance to have a lunch with Gatsby, he told Nick, he was an Oxford man and showed him that fought in World War One. Then Nick knew Gatsby was neither a German Spy nor a murderer. Furthermore, at the end of the novel, when Daisy drove Gatsby's car and killed Mrs. Wilson in a car accident, Nick's first thought was the Gatsby killed Mrs. Wilson. But after Gatsby told him all of the things at that moment, Nick realized that his first thought was wrong and then made his own conclusion.

Exploring the Scope of a Course in Human Resource Management

Am a graduate in commerce from Pun university, after completing my graduation I decided to take up the masters program in Human Resource Management because was interested in the role it plays in achieving organizations goals and key objectives, amongst them being hiring and training the best employees, and dealing with performance issues. Then, I pursued my post graduation in HRS from SCUD which was a distance learning course. It though helped me in understanding the basic concepts of HARM spectrum; I was unable to apply it practically on job.It was only when I darted my career working with a consultancy helped me in understanding the importance of recruitment and selection of employees in an organization. While working with a consultancy, gained experience Of client interaction from start up to COMIC level 5 companies. It helped me to gain in depth understanding of recruitment and now was the time to move on and gain practical experience in other functions of HRS. Switched to anothe r company where performed In-house recruitment, got an exposure of hiring interns from TIT Delhi and TIT Iambi for a Japanese client.My executive role in IT industry is limited to recruitment and training, Performance appraisals, maintaining work atmosphere and managing disputes. Through this program, would like to gain knowledge of various other roles like audit, facilitator, consultancy and service It's through this diverse managerial experience I have acquired both in operating and managing a workforce of so many people that have decided to further my studies and pursue a career that will enable me provide good technical assistance and professional training to different firms ND multinational corporations on how to apply effective managerial principles.My throughout education, experience and knowledge inspires me to further enhance my abilities in HARM, and pursuing a certification degree from MM is a dream, a goal and will be the biggest achievement path of my career. I want to succeed in life and this program will enable me to be a trained professional, help me to understand in depth concepts of HARM My career goal is to work in a leading firm that places priority on professionalism ND lead such organization towards attainment of set goals by making use of knowledge as well as experience.I believe a certification in Human Resource Management is all that I need to make this dream come true. I chose the program from MM to enhance and deepen my knowledge and skills of Learning and development. The best part of the program is to learn, upgrade and grow, apply the learning while working.